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Graphene; Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs); Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN); Black phosphorus

Introduction

Extensive papers on functional 2D materials have already covered a wide range of research fields. In the field of manufactured science, new-emerging utilitarian 2D materials have a crucial component that the structure blocks are connected using a base-up planning method that starts with comparing natural sub-atomic precursors [1]. As a result, they have special creation processes, primary qualities, and pressing structures in contrast to conventional materials. For instance, altering the synthetic design of precursors can alter the size of the pores in the 2D planar system . The connecting method of the sections can be in various structures including covalent bonds, for example, carbon bonds and carbon-heteroatom bonds; noncovalent connections, for example, hydrogen bonds, metal coordination bonds, and host-visitor cooperations, which effectively extend the accessible response that can be utilized to get ready 2D materials [2]. Then again, various pressing structures and collection morphologies, for example, nanosheets, nanowires, and even multiscale nanostructures can be controllably formed. On this premise, the effortless presentation of metal iotas or different sorts of crossover parts can additionally grow their part and performance. Therefore, manufactured 2D materials can exhibit controlled real properties in a broad range: the mechanical properties, such as mechanical strength, adaptability, and stretch capacity, can be productively tuned; the electronic band designs can be planned as immediate or circuitous semiconductors; the leading properties, such as metallicity, semimetals, covers, and semiconductors, can be changed in a wide range; the light collecting skill can go . The advantages render 2D materials valuable, and they exhibit outstanding improvement potential in the relevant application field (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Functional two-dimensional materials.

Functional 2D materials have been created by perfectly fusing the structural properties of conventional 2D materials with the electronic properties of conjugated functional materials, the structural variety of organic molecules, and the manipulation advantage of supramolecular assembly. This has implications for a large scientific community . Although numerous review articles have been published to introduce the most recent advancements in 2D materials, to the best of our knowledge, only a single aspect has been addressed, such as the kind of structure or the specific type of device application There is still a significant bottleneck that needs to be addressed in order to efficiently fabricate carbonic or organic 2D materials with structures that are periodically ordered. The molecular arrangement of the building segments in the 2D plane, which can also be affected by the synthesis process, has a significant impact on the display of the anticipated properties. Consequently, it is crucial for give an exhaustive survey zeroing in on the relationship between’s the readiness strategies and the trademark properties of useful 2D materials [3].

The methods used to prepare functional two-dimensional materials from molecular precursors are discussed in this summary. An outline of main points of interest for the plan, manufacture, and utilization of 2D material frameworks will be introduced to peruses. The fundamentals of chemical structure design, functionalization, and their impact on fundamental properties will be discussed. Functional 2D material assembly and preparation methods will be described in detail.

Some recently developed preparation strategies take full advantage of the tailoring potential of covalent bonds and controlled assembly via supramolecular interaction in conjunction with conventional methods of assembly. Then we will frame a few late uses of 2D materials in various types of gadgets [4-6]. The correlation between integrated device structure and performance will be examined, and finally, a brief overview of potential future research directions for the preparation of functional 2D materials will be presented .

To produce cutting-edge, practical two-dimensional materials, two powerful approaches are structure design and assembly control. Synthesis and functionalization the basic research on the design, selfassembly, aggregation structure, and properties of advanced functional molecular systems has been carried out in the past decade. A variety of crucial key factors, including precursor design, coupling conditions, and post-treatment, have been investigated. In the top-down approach, the stripping method plays an important role, obtaining 2D materials by expanding the layer spacing of layered materials. Compared to the top-down. The characteristic properties of the building blocks for 2D materials can be demonstrated through the careful selection of the appropriate preparation methods. What's more, powerful functionalization can improve the applications for 2D materials. In this segment, we will zero in on the arrangement and gathering of useful 2D materials, which can be ready to begin from comparing antecedent atoms .

Methodology for making functional two-dimensional materials in 2010, starting from a new perspective of synthetic methodology, Li's group successfully fabricated 2D graphdiyne (GDY), which is the first all-carbon material obtained through synthetic chemistry in the world, giving birth to a new member of the carbon material "family" Following the pioneering work, GDY based materials have been prepared in a large area to realize the scale preparation. The precursors can be linked through covalent or non-covalent bonds, which significantly influences the exhibiting regular. Various GDY analogues have been synthesized through precursor design as a result of this work. At the same time, it has promoted the development of 2D carbon materials science and brought about bright opportunities for the further development of functional 2D material. Combining the advantages of "bottom-up" chemical preparation with the premise of preparing small molecules with various structures, functional 2D materials can be prepared with various structural properties through chemical structure tailoring . Consequently, the presentation of heteroatoms is a truly doable technique to direct the primary morphology and compare physical and synthetic properties of 2D materials. The flexible designs will give a plan to the improvement of novel reaction materials. Through precursor design, Li and his coworkers have recently produced dynamically adaptive 2D materials with extended phosphine– acetylene rings . The presentation of straight acetylene phosphine units guarantees underlying adaptability contrasted with all-carbon 2D materials and establishes the groundwork for the amalgamation of dynamic phosphate-containing 2D designs. The lone pair electrons of phosphorus atoms are strongly involved in delocalization under the influence of interlayer van der Waals forces in P-GDY, whereas the p– conjugation is not significant in many trivalent phosphorus systems with a pyramid structure.

Conditions for coupling

The diversity of functional two-dimensional materials' precursor structures is necessary for their structural diversity. Additionally, suitable reaction conditions are required to produce structured, functional two-dimensional materials. The most recent reports on synthetic 2D materials have shown that effective synthetic methods like interfacial synthesis, the homogeneous phase approach, and the crystal-to-crystal method can overcome the restriction on the types of reactions. In this section, we will discuss the most recent advancements in the field of synthetic methods.

Interface method the development of surface synthetic chemistry shows how organic chemistry and surface science can work well together. The interfacial method is a dependable platform for effectively controlling the orderliness of the in-plane molecular arrangement and the out-plane packing mode of as-prepared products in the case of synthetic 2D materials. Cross-link precursors with multiple reaction sites react at a spatially limited interface, such as a crystalline solid surface, the liquid–liquid interface, the liquid–gas interface, and so on. Various interface techniques have been used to prepare many independent organic or carbonic 2D materials up until this point. Under ultra-high vacuum (UHV), liquid/solid interfaces, and vapor/ solid interfaces, two-dimensional polymer surface synthesis can be carried out on solid surfaces. A polycrystalline metal substrate like Cu, Ag, or Au is the typical solid template. Some of these metals can also act as catalysts to start the polymerization of organic precursors. In this field, small 2D polymer fragments are typically generated under UHV conditions, and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) is used to imitate their 2D nanostructures (Figure 2) . It is an efficient method for the preparation of 2D networks on solid surfaces with periodic structures. Under UHV conditions, the precursor's low mobility on the solid template only allows for inferior reactivity in a ten of nanometersized domain. The interaction between nucleation and growth can be improved significantly.

Figure 2: Metal clusters.

Albeit astounding advancement has been accomplished, concentrates on useful 2D materials are currently at their essential stage. A thorough understanding of some fundamental scientific issues, particularly the structure-performance correlation, is still required. However, to optimize the performance of existing devices and expand their application fields, it is necessary to further enhance the structure of 2D material systems in accordance with the development requirements of various application fields.

The most pressing issues right now are as follows

The method of interfacial growth has been extensively discussed in the field of synthesis, and more precise control of the reaction conditions is needed. Irreversible reactions will offer more and more advantages in the construction of rigid 2D materials, and homogeneous growth based on the self-assembly of the precursor should be further investigated and improved. A comprehensive platform for systematically optimizing the coupling conditions and investigating the reaction process is provided by the rapid development of GDY-based materials prepared through the coupling of terminal acetylenic groups. In addition, new fabrication techniques, such as "crystal-to-crystal" and "post-treated" methods, should be further developed in order to fabricate novel, functional two-dimensional materials [7-10]. To comprehend the preparation mechanism and construct an accurate structure model of a functional 2D material system, it is helpful to combine the theory analysis of the reaction process with the experimental results of the in situ characterization.

Conclusion

An easy and convenient method of preparation must be developed. Making full use of multi-scale compound effects at all scales—from the micro to the macro is an efficient approach to solving the problem. Currently, the majority of 2D material-based assembly systems can only operate within a specific scale, such as the single micron, submicron, or nanoscale. To realize the multi-stage assembly of structural units of various scales and combine the unique functions of various components in order to develop the system of 2D materials with multi-scale and multi-component synergies, further development is similar to the natural assembly function with specific functions. It is incredibly critical for the new-arising useful 2D materials, for example, GDY, which has coordinated course of action of utilitarian fragments including different hybridized sorts of carbon iotas, and various types of heteroatoms. The primary common concern of the related research is whether the designed structural advantages of functional 2D materials can fully be demonstrated while achieving long-range order at the macroscale. For instance, using a straightforward strategy to accomplish rapid preparation on a large scale; precisely controlling the quantity of layers and morphology; The main obstacles preventing the development and use of GDY-based materials are still the difficulties in effectively controlling their photoelectric properties.

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