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Surgical planning; scans; radiologists; musculoskeletal tumors

Introduction

Early and accurate diagnosis is paramount in oncologic orthopedics. Timely identification of musculoskeletal tumors allows for timely intervention and better treatment outcomes. Advanced imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) scans, and positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) have revolutionized the diagnostic process. These tools enable orthopedic surgeons, oncologists, and radiologists to precisely visualize the tumor’s location, size, and potential involvement with nearby structures, leading to better surgical planning and treatment decisions [1].

Once a suspicious lesion is identified, a biopsy is essential to confirm the diagnosis and determine the tumor’s type and grade. Accurate pathological evaluation is crucial as it forms the foundation for selecting the most appropriate treatment strategy. Pathologists play a critical role in providing critical information regarding the tumor’s aggressiveness, potential for metastasis, and response to various therapies [2]. This information guides the multidisciplinary team in designing personalized treatment plans for each patient. Traditionally, surgery has been the primary treatment for musculoskeletal tumors. While surgical techniques have evolved to include limb-sparing procedures, amputations, and reconstructive surgeries, the landscape of oncologic orthopedics has expanded to encompass a broader array of treatment modalities. Targeted therapies, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy have become vital components in the treatment arsenal [3].

The combination of these approaches offers the potential for better tumor control, reduced side effects, and improved overall survival rates. As more patients successfully complete their treatment, the focus shifts to survivorship and long-term follow-up care. Regular monitoring and imaging scans are essential to detect any potential recurrence or metastasis promptly [4]. Survivorship programs aim to address the unique needs of cancer survivors, including surveillance for late effects of treatment, managing treatment-related complications, and promoting healthy lifestyle choices. The complexity of musculoskeletal tumors demands a multidisciplinary approach to care. Oncologic orthopedics brings together a diverse team of specialists, including orthopedic surgeons, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, pathologists, radiologists, physical therapists, and psychologists. This collaboration ensures that patients receive individualized, evidencebased treatment plans, integrating the latest advancements in the field [5].

Discussion

Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the patient is evaluated by a multidisciplinary team comprising orthopedic surgeons, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, pathologists, radiologists, and other specialists. This collaborative approach ensures a comprehensive assessment of the patient’s condition and facilitates the development of an individualized treatment plan [6]. The team considers various factors, such as the tumor’s stage, location, size, and the patient’s overall health, to determine the most appropriate course of action. Surgery remains a cornerstone of oncologic orthopedics, especially for localized tumors or those with a high likelihood of cure. Advances in surgical techniques have revolutionized the field, enabling oncologic orthopedic surgeons to perform limb-sparing procedures that preserve affected limbs while removing the tumor. Computer-assisted navigation systems, intraoperative imaging, and 3D-printed patient-specific implants have augmented surgical precision, leading to improved outcomes and reduced surgical morbidity. In cases where limb-sparing is not feasible, amputation remains an option, but advances in prosthetics have enhanced post-amputation rehabilitation, enabling patients to regain functionality and independence [7].

In many cases, adjuvant therapies are utilized in conjunction with surgery to improve treatment efficacy and reduce the risk of recurrence. Radiation therapy plays a vital role in treating residual tumor cells and preventing local recurrence. Advanced techniques like intensitymodulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) deliver targeted radiation doses with increased precision, minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues [8]. Systemic treatments, such as chemotherapy and targeted therapies, are used to address systemic disease or to treat tumors that cannot be surgically removed. Targeted therapies specifically target cancer cells based on their genetic or molecular characteristics, while chemotherapy targets rapidly dividing cells throughout the body. The development of these targeted therapies has significantly improved the efficacy of treatment while reducing side effects [9].

Rehabilitation is an integral part of the oncologic orthopedics care continuum, focusing on restoring functionality, mobility, and quality of life. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and pain management play vital roles in helping patients regain strength, flexibility, and independence after surgery and other treatments. Rehabilitation aims to address the physical, emotional, and psychosocial needs of patients, facilitating their transition to post-treatment survivorship [10].

Conclusion

Oncologic orthopedics encompasses a comprehensive and holistic approach to the care of patients with musculoskeletal tumors. From early diagnosis and accurate pathological evaluation to personalized treatment strategies and rehabilitation, the journey of a patient through this field is multifaceted. Through ongoing research, technological advancements, and the collaboration of multidisciplinary teams, oncologic orthopedics continues to offer hope and improved outcomes for those facing the challenges of bone and soft tissue malignancies. By addressing the entire continuum of care, from diagnosis to rehabilitation and beyond, we strive to provide patients with the best possible chance for a fulfilling and healthy life after cancer. Oncologic orthopedics encompasses a comprehensive approach to the care of patients with musculoskeletal tumors, from diagnosis through treatment and rehabilitation.

Multidisciplinary collaboration, advancements in diagnostic imaging, surgical innovations, targeted therapies, and rehabilitative efforts have all contributed to improved patient outcomes and enhanced quality of life. As research and technology continue to advance, the field of oncologic orthopedics holds great promise for further progress, bringing hope to patients and their families facing the challenges of bone and soft tissue malignancies. By combining expertise and compassionate care, oncologic orthopedic specialists continue to make a positive impact on the lives of those affected by these complexes and challenging conditions.

The journey of an oncologic orthopedics patient often begins with the suspicion of a bone tumor or soft tissue mass. Early detection is a critical factor in achieving favorable outcomes, and advances in diagnostic imaging have significantly contributed to this aspect of care. Techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) scans, and positron emission tomography (PET) scans provide detailed views of the affected tissues, aiding in accurate tumor localization, size assessment, and identification of metastases. Moreover, biopsy techniques have become more refined, allowing for precise tissue sampling and histological analysis to determine the tumor’s type and grade.

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