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Ankle injuries; Musculoskeletal injuries; Disability, Productivity losses

Introduction

Ankle injuries are prevalent in sports, often resulting from a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors that predispose athletes to acute sprains, chronic instability, and long-term functional limitations. Recognizing these risk factors is essential for implementing targeted prevention strategies and optimizing athletes' safety and performance. This article explores the multifaceted nature of ankle injury risk factors in sports, shedding light on intrinsic factors such as anatomical predispositions and biomechanical imbalances, as well as extrinsic factors including environmental conditions and training practices [1].

Anatomy and biomechanics

The anatomy and biomechanics of the ankle joint play a pivotal role in injury risk. Anatomical factors such as foot morphology, ligament laxity, and joint stability influence an athlete's susceptibility to ankle sprains. Biomechanical imbalances, including deficits in proprioception, muscle weakness, and altered landing mechanics, further increase the risk of injury during dynamic activities such as jumping, cutting, and pivoting [2, 3].

Previous injury history

A history of previous ankle injury is a significant risk factor for recurrent sprains and chronic instability. Incomplete rehabilitation, residual weakness, and ligamentous laxity following an initial injury predispose athletes to reinjury, highlighting the importance of comprehensive rehabilitation protocols and ongoing monitoring to mitigate the risk of recurrence [4,5].

Sports-specific demands

The nature of the sport itself contributes to ankle injury risk, with certain sports posing higher demands on ankle stability and agility [6]. Sports involving rapid changes in direction, sudden accelerations and decelerations, and high-impact landings, such as basketball, soccer, and volleyball, place athletes at increased risk of ankle injuries compared to lower-impact activities [7,8].

Environmental factors

Environmental conditions, such as playing surface and footwear, influence ankle injury risk in sports. Uneven terrain, slippery surfaces, and inadequate footwear traction can increase the likelihood of slips, trips, and falls, leading to ankle sprains. Proper maintenance of playing surfaces, footwear selection, and use of ankle-supportive gear are essential in minimizing environmental risk factors [9].

Training practices

Training practices and workload management also impact ankle injury risk. Sudden increases in training intensity or volume, inadequate warm-up routines, and fatigue contribute to neuromuscular fatigue and decreased joint stability, increasing susceptibility to injury. Incorporating injury prevention programs, progressive training regimens, and sufficient recovery periods can mitigate these risk factors [10].

Conclusion

Ankle injuries pose significant challenges in sports, affecting athletes' performance, participation, and long-term health. Understanding the multifactorial nature of ankle injury risk factors is paramount for implementing targeted prevention strategies and optimizing athletes' safety and well-being. By addressing intrinsic factors such as anatomy and biomechanics, previous injury history, sports-specific demands, environmental factors, and training practices, sports medicine professionals can effectively reduce the incidence and severity of ankle injuries, enabling athletes to compete at their highest level with reduced risk of injury.

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