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Surgery is the main treatment in nearly every case of thyroid cancer, except for some anaplastic thyroid cancers. However, surgery to remove the excrescence and all or part of the remaining thyroid gland is generally recommended, if thyroid cancer is diagnosed by a fine needle aspiration (FNA) vivisection [1].

Thyroid cancer is cancer that starts in the thyroid. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of the neck that wraps around the windpipe. The thyroid gland uses iodine absorbed from food to produce hormones that control how your body uses energy. Most thyroid cancers can be cured [2].

There are four types of thyroid cancer:

1. Papillary thyroid cancer: 70 percent of patients diagnosed with thyroid cancer have papillary thyroid cancer. This cancer originates in the cells where thyroid hormone is stored. It is slowgrowing and does not easily spread into nearby tissue
2. Follicular thyroid cancer: this type of thyroid cancer also starts in the cells where thyroid hormone is stored. It is more aggressive than papillary cancer and often spreads into the bloodstream, lungs or bones. Most patients are over the age of 40. Hurthle cell cancer is a rare type of follicular thyroid cancer. Hurthle cell cancers are more likely to have spread at the time of diagnosis.
3. Medullary thyroid cancer: This type of cancer is rare. It develops in the cells of the thyroid that make a hormone that helps the body maintain the right level of calcium. It may run in families.
4. Anaplastic thyroid cancer: This is the rarest form of thyroid cancer. It is aggressive and hard to treat. Most patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer are over the age of 60.

A lobectomy is an operation that removes the lobe containing the cancer, generally along with the island (the small piece of the gland that acts as a ground between the left and right lobes). It's occasionally used to treat discerned (papillary or follicular) thyroid cancers that are small and show no signs of spread beyond the thyroid gland. It's also occasionally used to diagnose thyroid cancer if an FNA vivisection result does not gives a clear opinion [3].

An advantage of this surgery is that some cases might not need to take thyroid hormone capsules subsequently because it leaves part of the gland before. But having some thyroid left can intrude with some tests that look for cancer rushes after treatment, similar as radioiodine reviews and thyroglobulin blood tests [4].

Thyroidectomy is surgery to remove the thyroid gland. It's the most common surgery for thyroid cancer. As with lobectomy, this is generally done through a gash a many elevation long across the front of the neck [5]. You'll have a small scar across the front of your neck after surgery, but this should come less conspicuous overtime. However, it's called a total thyroidectomy, if the entire thyroid gland is removed [6]. Occasionally the surgeon may not be suitable to remove the entire thyroid. However, it's called a near-total thyroidectomy, If nearly all of the gland is removed [7].

Complications are less likely to be when your operation is done by an educated thyroid surgeon. Cases who have thyroid surgery are frequently ready to leave the sanitarium within a day after the operation [8]. Implicit complications of thyroid surgery include

• Temporary or endless hoarseness or loss of voice. This can be if the larynx (voice box) or windpipe is bothered by the breathing tube that was used during surgery. It may also do if the jitters to the larynx (or oral cords) are damaged during surgery. The croaker should examine your oral cords before surgery to see if they move typically. (See Tests for Thyroid Cancer.)
• Damage to the parathyroid glands (small glands behind the thyroid that help regulate calcium situations). This can lead to low blood calcium situations, causing muscle spasms and passions of impassiveness and chinking.
• Inordinate bleeding or conformation of a major blood clot in the neck (called a hematoma)
• Infection

You’ll presumably have general anesthesia during your surgery. This means you'll sleep through the whole thing. The croaker may make one or further lacerations (cuts) in your neck, but that will depend on which type of surgery you have [9].

Thyroid surgery generally takes place without problems. You'll have pain in the neck area, but drug will help. You may also have a coarse voice or sore throat for a many days. There may be a drain from the point of the gash. It helps with mending and will latterly be removed [10].

1. Dideban S, Abdollahi A, Meysamie A, Sedghi S, Shahriari M,et al. (2016) Iran. J. Pathol. 11(1): 1-19.

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2. Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, Hauger BR, Kloos RT, et al. (2009)  Thyroid 19(11): 1167-214.

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3. Perros Petros, Boelaert Kristien, Colley Steve, Evans Carol, Evans Rhodri M, et al.(2014) Guidelines for the management of thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinol. 81: 1-122.

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4. Haugen Bryan R, Alexander Erik K, Bible Keith C, Doherty Gerard M, Mandel Susan J, et al. (2016) Thyroid. 26(1): 1-133.

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5. Durante Cosimo, Grani Giorgio, Lamartina Livia, Filetti Sebastiano, Mandel Susan J, et al.(2018). The Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Nodules. JAMA 319(9): 914-924.

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6. Pacini F (2012) Thyroid cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology 21: 214-219.
7. Smallridge Robert C, Ain Kenneth B, Asa Sylvia L, Bible Keith C, Brierley James D, et al.(2012) American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Management of Patients with Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 22(11): 1104-1139. 

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8. Renuka IV, Saila Bala G, Aparna C, Kumari Ramana, Sumalatha K, et al. (2012)  Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 64(4): 305-311. 

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9. Gerard Stephen K, Cavalieri Ralph R, (2002)  Clin. Nucl Med 27(1): 1-8. 

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10. Yu Xiao-Min, Schneider David F, Leverson Glen, Chen Herbert, Sippel Rebecca S (2013) Thyroid 23(10): 1263-1268.

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