Cholecystectomy has been the treatment of choice for symptomatic gallstones. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has recently become the
more preferred operation over open cholecystectomy (OC). However, several studies report that complications to the biliary tract are
more common with LC (0.6% vs. 0.3%), and leakage incidence of 1.1%. Several authors impute it to a ‘‘learning curve
phenomenon’’, which frequently occurs after the introduction of any new procedure or technology, thus this is still a controversial data.
Post cholecystectomy problems are seen in as many as 20% of cases and manifested by symptoms of right hypochondrial pain, vomiting, or
jaundice, otherwise biliary leakage and major biliary injuries. Biliary injuries continue to be a significant problem following
cholecystectomy, liver transplant, trauma, or infection. Traditionally, surgery has been the gold standard for the management of
biliary injuries. Recently, various endoscopic methods have been used as the preferred modalities of these patients, as it permitted a less
invasive approach, with similar or reduced morbidity rates at surgical treatment, and since 1990s these endoscopic approaches nearly
replaced surgical treatment
Last date updated on March, 2025