Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or geological materials. Mining is done using two excavation types: Surface mining and sub-surface mining. After excavation, the mineral is processed using techniques like Extractive metallurgy and Mineral processing. There are many environmental issues like erosion, loss of biodiversity and ground water contamination by chemicals from mining processes. Many companies are now enforced to follow good environmental standards.
A journal is a periodical publication intended to further progress of science, usually by reporting new research. Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals publish articles, reviews, editorials, short communications, letters, and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields. Journals contain articles that peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity. Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record.
Last date updated on November, 2024