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Information Curtain in Egyptian media during the 25 January Revolution

Research Article ºÚÁÏÍø
Amen Said Abdlghany
Assistant Professor, Media Education Department, Specific Education Facility, Mansura University, Egypt
*Corresponding authors: Dr. Amen Said Abdlghany
Assistant Professor, Media Education Department
Specific Education Facility
Mansura University, Egypt
E-mail: aminsaid97@yahoo.com
 
Received February 25, 2012; Published July 24, 2012
 
Citation: Abdlghany AS (2012) Information Curtain in Egyptian media during the 25 January Revolution. 1: 169. doi:10.4172/scientificreports.169
 
Copyright: © 2012 Abdlghany AS. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
 
Abstract
 
This study seeks to find out what lies behind the curtain of information in the Arabic media, which refers to the forces of interests to be achieved in the society. Are the targets of communication and activity of these forces political institutions, organizations of the military, economic institutions, religious institutions, social institutions, or scientific institutions? Are they groups or individuals?
 
The study attempts to analyse the fabric of the information curtain in Al Ahram site before, during, and after the 25 January revolution , which refers to communication processes that represent the fabric of this curtain and reveals or hides facts that would help achieve the objectives of interest groups, according to a range of techniques: Hide the facts that are harmful to the interests of these powers – colour it– if it seemed clear, moved to the side-lines of interest quickly – erase from memory.
 
The study also seeks to know the methods of the Arab masses in dealing with the unveiling of information, and the different ways of having access behind the scenes, which may be soft or violent, with reasons and objectives behind it.
 
Introduction
 
This study tested the hypotheses of information curtain theory and tried to develop an interpretative model that can help researchers and the public to identify the nature of the information that they are exposed to, as well as to assess the confidence level of this information. The information age, which has provided a wealth of information and a great variety of sources, has made it difficult – in many cases – to hide the facts. Curtain theory of information provides a three-tiered model to identify and analyse information, and the degrees of confidence level are as follows:
 
What is behind the scenes
 
This refers to the forces of interests to be achieved in a society. Are the targets of communication and activity of these forces institutions, namely, the political institutions, military institutions, economic institutions, religious institutions, social institutions, and scientific institutions? Are they groups or individuals?
 
Curtain fabric
 
This refers to communication processes that represent the fabric of this curtain, which reveals or hides facts that would help achieve the objectives of the interest groups, according to a range of techniques: Hide the facts that are harmful to the interests of these powers – colour the facts –circumvent them if they seemed clear – move to the sidelines of interest quickly – erase from memory.
 
In front of the curtain
 
This refers to the masses that always look to have access behind the scenes. There are different audiences and methods of dealing with the Star Beta information, which may be soft or violent, with different reasons and goals behind it.
 
The arguments regarding this theory were tested by studying the Al Ahram site, which is a formal source of news in Egypt and has big ties with the Egyptian regimes throughout the history.
 
The study is divided into three parts: Part I examines the nature of the forces of stakeholders in the dissemination of the information through this site. Part II tries to parse the information provided by the fabric of the site, while Part III investigates the ways of handling the Arab public with this information and these sites, in particular. The study seeks to provide a link behind the curtain of information and curtain fabric of this information and the public deal information from information curtain.
 
Literature Review
 
The concept of Information curtain
 
Information curtain supports the concept of information on two of the following psychological bases.
 
The psychologists called “The means to defend” and “first introduced the concept of the defence in The means to defend Sigmund Freud,” which holds that people who are indulged to protect themselves as individuals use mental methods unconscious to distort and falsify ideas and experiences, motivations, and conflicts that pose a threat to them, [1] has identified seven psychologists’ The means to defend knowledge similar to a large extent and enter in each of them a kind of self-deception in certain cognitive strategies for everyone to have dealings with reality: repression, denial of reality, imagination, reasoning, reflection, configuration, projection.
 
The concept of semantic organization refers to the way in which concepts are organized and built within the human mind, and is based on a set of perceptions of knowledge that the humans use to organize the observations and make it meaningful, nurturing relationships between the causal or logical components derived from their observations, and are Sigmund FreudViews and assume the next, and predicting events hidden implicit and, finally, speak to others with them “ [2].
 
The means to defend psychological basis for the work of the human guise of information in the understanding of reality and dealing with them also represents the organization of semantic processes that are the work of the curtain fabric information. As the human mind is woven through the guise of knowledge, the means to defendand the organization of semantic groups of power in human societies practiced weaving Star my information to achieve their interests and wrap the threats they are exposed tools -specific and semantic organization of concepts.
 
The concept of information curtainin human societies can be divided into three components:
 
What is behind the scenes: This refers to a strong interest in society. The objectives to be achieved by communication activity and powers may be institutions, such as the political institutions, military institutions, economic institutions, religious institutions, social institutions, and scientific institutions, which can also be groups or individuals.
 
Curtain fabric: This refers to communication processes that represent the fabric of this curtain, which reveals or hides facts that would help to achieve the objectives of interest groups, according to a range of techniques, such as hiding the facts that are detrimental to the interests of these powers, colouring it, bypassing it if it appears clear, moving to the margins of interest quickly, and erasing from memory.
 
In front of the curtain: This refers to the public who always look to have access behind the scenes in different ways that may be soft or violent, with different reasons and objectives.
 
Hypotheses of informationcurtain theory
 
1. The concept of information curtain always exists in every society or system that should be covered, and any set of facts that should not show whether these ideas or facts are related to events or persons.
 
2. This is a cover curtain and any concealment of information is informative.
 
3. Whenever the information should be covered, regardless of the facts in the framework of the interests of the alliance sitting behind the curtain, the curtain becomes thick.
 
4. The harmony between the interest groups behind the scenes and those sitting on the thought that binds them to lead to the provisions of the fabric cover information makes it difficult for the public to figure out what is behind the scenes, which increases the strength of interest groups sitting behind the curtain.
 
5. The disharmony of thought that brings together the people sitting behind the scenes leads to holes in the fabric of curtain, allowing the public to easily know what is happening behind the scenes, which leads to poor sitting behind the curtain.
 
6. We can divide a society – any human society – in terms of its relationship with the guise of information as follows:
 
- Communities know each other, with some of the facts to be concealed.
 
- Communities based on the fabric of the curtain, with a few of them knowing what should be covered.
 
- Communities of concern, including researchers, observers, and analysts.
 
- The broad masses or groups to be cover by the facts.
 
7 - The scenes no matter how thick it is, unable in some cases from their cover that should be covered as a result of many factors.
 
8 - Covering of the information is responsible for the lack of definitive answers to important questions about numerous facts of human history, such as:
 
- Who killed Tut Ankh Amen?
 
- Why John Kennedy was killed?
 
- Did Marilyn Monroe commit suicide or was she murdered?
 
- Why the former Egyptian President, Anwar Sadat, was killed?
 
The information curtain history
 
The information in all human societies in different levels of civilization, such as:
 
The information curtain in the period of the Pharaohs: We can distinguish the features of information in the guise of ancient Egyptian civilization through the resources available now as follows [3].
 
1. Behind the scenes and a loose association between gods and pharaohs, where he was the embodiment of the pharaoh’s eternal and divine rituals that existed to ensure a continuation of the overall strength of the country and to maintain this image of God to humans is involved with the wishes and rights can be affected by the abuse of human beings as a whole was the secret of secrets in the Egyptian civilization, which called for weaving Star dense information.
 
2. Curtain fabric: to play a very special category of excellence and strength. The priestsis a category of Egyptian priests who were not spiritual guides of the people, but served the god “Pharaoh” and can be divided into several sections, headed by the priest and the priests, the first purified and social life of the clerks of the house and the wise and Chanters and observers of the time and astrologers and administrators.
 
The most important units of this fabric are religious secrets, Eid celebrations, semi-theatrical rituals in the temples, and the secrets of the house of life [4].
 
3. In front of the curtain: The Egyptian people comprised groups of governing body including the heads of the military and police personnel, writers, artists, skilled workers, and the general public composed of the peasants. There were no significant changes for 3000 years to the point that the Greeks described Egypt as a world divided into professional and closed genetic communities [5].
 
The information curtain in Chinese history
 
China is a clear example of the Star and other information.
 
1. Behind the scenes: the religious alliance, consisting of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism with the Emperor, which continued in the two strains only since 221 BC and even in 1912 the two tsetse strain is strain and pain Zip Zhu and helped establish the principle of changing the alliance of the ruling families by natural events[6].
 
2. Curtain fabric: The Chinese civilization in the range Almnaderin(china word main layer of public officials), who are educated and curtain fabric consists of: worship - religious rites - of sovereignty.
 
3. In front of the curtain: The three segments of the public were peasant’s farmers (Phuong), manufacturers (Kong), and Merchants (Chang).
 
The information curtain in the twentieth century: The information curtain is relative to iron curtain. The Iron Curtain symbolized the ideological and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. On either side of the Iron Curtain, states developed their own international economic and military alliances, such as:
 
• The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and Warsaw Pact on the east side, with the Soviet Union as the most important member of each.
 
• The European Community and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization on the west and south, with the United States of America as the area’s military powerhouse.
 
The Iron Curtain took the shape of border defenses between the countries of Western and Eastern Europe, most notably, the Berlin Wall, which served as a longtime symbol of the Curtain as a whole [7].
 
There are various earlier usages of the term “iron curtain” predating Churchill. The usage of the term goes back to the Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Seta 38b, which refers to an iron barrier or divider:
 
Even partition of iron does not break the fast between Israel and their Father in Heaven
 
(Even an iron barrier cannot separate [the people of] Israel from their heavenly father)
 
Some suggest that the term may have first been coined by Queen Elizabeth of the Belgians after World War I to describe the political situation between Belgium and Germany in 1914 [8]. An iron curtain, was an obligatory precaution in all German theaters to prevent the possibility of fire from spreading from the stage to the rest of the theater. Such fires were rather common because the decor was often very flammable. In case of fire, a metal wall would separate the stage from the theater, secluding the flames to be extinguished by the firefighters. Douglas Reed used this metaphor in his book Disgrace Abounding (Jonathan Cape, 1939, page 129): “The bitter strife [in Yugoslavia between Serb unionists and Croat federalists] had only been hidden by the iron safety-curtain of the King’s dictatorship.” Joseph Goebbels wrote of an “iron curtain” in his weekly newspaper Das Reich:
 
“If the German people lay down their weapons, the Soviets, according to the agreement between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, would occupy all of East and Southeast Europe along with the greater part of the Reich. An iron curtain would fall over this enormous territory controlled by the Soviet Union, behind which nations would be slaughtered. The Jewish press in London and New York would probably still be applauding [8].”
 
The first recorded use of the term ironcurtain was derived from the safety curtain used in theatres, and was first applied to the borders of communist Russia as “an impenetrable barrier” in 1920 by Ethel Snowden, in her book Through Bolshevik Russia [9]. Before the end of World War II by Nazi Germany’s Minister of Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels, in a manifesto that he published in the German newspaper Das Reich in February 1945, term had been used [4]. It was later used by Count Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk in the last days of the war. The first oral intentional mention of an Iron Curtain in the Soviet context was in a broadcast by Schwerin von Krosigk to the German people on May 2, 1945:
 
“In the East the iron curtain behind which, unseen by the eyes of the world, the work of destruction goes on, is moving steadily forward.”
 
The first recorded occasion on which Churchill used the term “iron curtain” was in a telegram sent to the U.S. President Harry S. Truman on May 12, 1945:
 
“I am profoundly concerned about the European situation. … 3. An iron curtain is drawn down upon their front. We do not know what is going on behind. There seems little doubt that the whole of the regions east of Lubbock-Trieste-Corfu will soon be completely in their hands. To this must be added the further enormous area conquered by the American armies between Eisenach and the Elbe, which will, I suppose, in a few weeks be occupied, when the Americans retreat, by the Russian power. All kinds of arrangements will have to be made by General Eisenhower to prevent another immense flight of the German population westward as this enormous Muscovite advance towards the center of Europe takes place. And then the curtain will descend again to a very large extent, if not entirely. Thus a broad land of many hundreds of miles of Russian-occupied territory will isolate us from Poland [10]. ”
 
Churchill repeated the words in a further telegram to President Truman on June 4, 1945, in which he protested against such U.S. retreat to what was earlier designated as, and ultimately became, the U.S. occupation zone, stating that the military withdrawal would bring:
 
“Soviet power into the heart of Western Europe and the descent of an iron curtain between us and everything to the eastward.”
 
(Ibid., p. 92)
 
At the Potsdam Conference, Churchill complained to Stalin about an “iron fence” coming down upon the British Mission in Bucharest.
 
The first American print reference to the “Iron Curtain” occurred when C.L. Sulzberger of the New York Times first used it in a dispatch published on July 23, 1945. He heard the term used by Vladimir Macke, a Yugoslavian opposition leader who had fled his homeland for Paris in May, 1945. Macke told Sulzberger, “During the four years while I was interned by the Germans in Croatia I saw how the Partisans were lowering an iron curtain over Yugoslavia so that nobody could know what went on behind it [11]”.
 
The term was first used in the British House of Commons by Churchill on August 16, 1945:
 
“...it is not impossible that tragedy on a prodigious scale is unfolding itself behind the iron curtain which at the moment divides Europe in twain [12].”
 
Allen Dulles used the term in a speech on December 3, 1945, referring only to Germany:
 
“It is difficult to say what is going on, but in general the Russians are acting little better than thugs. They have wiped out all the liquid assets. No food cards are issued to Germans, who are forced to travel on foot into the Russian zone, often more dead than alive. An iron curtain has descended over the fate of these people and very likely conditions are truly terrible. The promises at Yalta to the contrary, probably 8 to 10 million people are being enslaved.
 
United States model
 
United States represents an ideal model for the idea of information in the guise of the current era:
 
1. Behind the scenes: Sitting behind a curtain group information, which they called “HR Barrett Sheller” (manipulative minds because they race the government – and the industrial component – and the military component).
 
2. Curtain fabric: The fabric cover is composed of information, which they called “Benjamin Barber,” the world of Mac (and the world of Mac secretion of the consequences of the culture is driven by trade expansion and U.S. design to a printer. The luxury goods, the images, together with equipment and lines of beauty next to production lines. It is about culture as a commodity of goods and clothing as ideology. And turn into a kind of ideology.Working through audio clips, video clips and videos, television networks and information networks, theatre, books, and amusement parks.And more ambiguous than political ideology, less stringent, and thus be more successful in disseminating the updated values necessary for the success of global markets) [12].
 
Mac has the world of a small handful of powerful companies of less than day after day, while becoming more comprehensive in its ambitions to dominate the people of the communication sector, entertainment information work, a work of the three programs and channels that distribute and equipment are operating at [13].
 
Noam Chomsky selected techniques that work in the Mac world and means of communication in the United States, which constitute the fabric cover of information and have been established in the American soil through historical experiences [14]..
 
3. Curtain of intimidation and strong extremist by fabrication and counterfeiting (review of the enemies and exaggerated): It began with the first technical propaganda operation carried out by the U.S. government, which was during the administration of President Woodrow Wilson, who was elected in 1916.According to the platform, entitled “peace without victory,” and it’s in the middle of World War I, in the meantime the peaceful citizens to the fullest extent, and did not see a reason to engage in the war mainly European, while for the management of Wilson’s obligations towards the war, and then had to do something about this state established a commission of government propaganda called “Creel Committee.” The Committee succeeded in 6 months, converting the citizens to peaceful citizens, took up hysteria and the thirst for war, a desire to destroy everything that is Deutsch, and go to war and save the world. This was a considerable achievement, which in turn, led to the completion of another; thus, after the war ended, the same tactics were employed to stir up hysteria against the Communist terror – as they called it – that largely succeeded in destroying the unions and the elimination of freedom of the press and freedom of political thought [15].
 
4. Manufacture of consensus by: select images and focus on - and the exclusion of other images - excluding the views and antimarginalization. This technique has been adapted by a group of theorists, liberal Democrats, and media personalities and positions, such as Tribesman, who said that what he called a revolution in the art of democracy can be customized to serve what he called the manufacture of consensus, making sense of the public agreements on things that did not interest mainly through the use of propaganda.
 
5. Maintaining the public viewers, Lisa participants. This technique by the “Walter Lippmann” also in the framework of a detailed theory about democracy is a section in the progressive community to the first two layers are specialized class of men who are officials who are thinking about and understanding of planning for the public interests and those small groups in every society, and class second the vast majority of the population, who are depicted Lippmann as “herd wandering stray,” says that we must protect ourselves from the feet and the roar of the herd [14].
 
6- Control of the public mind through the formula (Mohawk Valley) by the instrument of general principles of free content. This technology was developed by “Edward Biryanis,” who was a member of the Commission “Krill,” and developed what he called the Department of unanimity, which he described as the essence of democracy. And this was applied efficient technical high in 1937 when there was a strike of iron workers in western Pennsylvania Bones Town. This technique was a great success to the point that legislative victory won by the labour movement, issuing “Wagner Act,” which gave her the right to organize is the last of its kind, began the ability to work through the trade unions in declining steadily [16].
 
7- Overcome the phobias of the use of force and control over the dissident groups: This technique was used effectively in the first Gulf War and was led by the Washington Post to overcome any fear Vietnam offer patients the use of force abroad by what it called the people to teach values, respect for the military and this is important if you want a society based on violence, employ military force around the world to achieve the objectives of the local elite [17].
 
8- Directing the thought of most of the world: Through the export of grooming techniques, the world’s target of the U.S. media and those who stood behind the curtain, information work and turned their strategies work law of the market to try to direct policy control.
 
8- In front of the curtain: Once the masses of American society and the world that all of Earth’s population targeted by those who are behind the curtain of the U.S. information.
 
The information curtain in the war on Iraq
 
Control of the media during the war period in the life of the ancient practice of the American society, as listed in the study of “Stephen D cooper” titled “The control of the press in time of war” Press controls in wartime: the Legal, Historical, and Institutional context “which published in the Summer 2003 issue of (American Communication Journal) and discussed the problem of conflict between the duty of the media in reporting the news to the people and the duty to help in the leadership of military operations successfully, and monitoring of the methods of dealing with U.S. politicians and the news media since the civil war and the Spanish Civil War and even war in Iraq, and analysed these methods, which evolved from the review copies to press reports, the press before leaving the battlefield to establish an office of the Ministry of Defence, U.S. combat units to catch up with journalists [18]“.
 
The U.S. President George W. Bush selected the features of the Iraq war in his statement to the world, announcing the beginning of military operations against Iraq in a very precise language, suitable for procedural definitions of the concepts: the war legitimate, clean, war, war is smart, etc., which appear to represent the main lines of the media plan for the war as follows [19]:
 
Legality of war: “The United States and its allies began a military campaign to oust Saddam Hussein and liberate the Iraqi people”
 
“The United States and its allies had launched a campaign to oust Saddam Hussein from Iraq and free its people’’
 
Clean War
 
“The coalition forces will make every effort to spare innocent civilians no harm”
 
“Coalition forces will make every effort to spare innocent Civilians from harm’’
 
The smart war Said DonaldRumsfeld U.S. Secretary of Defence on the eve of the third feature began operations as a war based on smart: - well-defined targets. -. -Attacks, beheadings smart weapons and when he said:
 
The cruise missiles were being fired against “a target of Opportunity’’ –a “decapitation attack.’’
 
This was confirmed by General Tommy Franks at the opening of his first news conference to lead operations in Qatar, when he said: “It will be a military campaign unparalleled in history,”
 
“This will be a campaign unlike any other in history.’’
 
Hypotheses
 
First hypothesis
 
“There are differences between the processors site to the dominant themes of power (behind the curtain information) before, during and after 25 January”
 
Second hypothesis
 
“There are differences between the methods of building cover information before, during, and after 25 January”
 
Third hypothesis
 
“There are differences and differences between the means of dealing with the cover of the Egyptian public information before, during and after the revolution of January 25”
 
Method
 
The study used content analysis tool and analyzed the newspapers. The categories of analysis were content (what was said) and how it was said.
 
Sampling
 
The study sample had selected by style sample intentional: a topics posted on the site-Haram newspaper on the Internet in a period of time extending by 18 days before the revolution from 7 to 25 January 2011 and 18 days is the period of revolution, January 25 to February 11, 2011, and 18 days after the revolution: from February 11 to March 29, 2011
 
Measurement
 
Using the content analysis tool, the study analyzed the newspapers based on the following categories:
 
Categories of content (what was said):
 
1 - Institutions: Political – legislative, executive, judicial; Economic – the ministries of the economic group; Military – Department of Defense and militaryproduction; religious –Al-Azhar-Endowments that ran the Mufti and the Church.
 
2 - Members: Mubarak, Susan, Beauty, Omar Suleiman
 
Categories of how it was said:
 
1 - Withholding of information: what was said not stated
 
2 - Coloring information: Display Order, area
 
3 - To circumvent them: Comments, analytical articles, focus on other issues
 
4 - Erase information quickly: ignore, irony, things linked to negativity.
 
Units of analysis:
 
1 - Thread
 
2 - Unit Profile
 
Survey Administration
 
The study included home pagesof the Haram newspapersite and openpages that required detailed analysisin the period from 1-9-2011to 1-12-2011.
 
Reliability and Validity
 
We analyzed 10% of the sample analysis to adjust the design to the final form of the analysis sheet. Some constructive amendments were made to its form. Then, the sample was analyzed, and after a month of researcher analysis, only 10% of the sample was analyzed. Another researcher analyzed 10% of the study sample and the rate was stable in both the cases, which was up to 95%.
 
Data Analysis
 
The study used several statistical coefficients for data analysis, such as frequencies and percentages, and tested Qi 2. Furthermore, oneway analysis of variance and less significant difference (LSD) were also employed.
 
Results
 
General Findings
 
1. The study site focuses on the political issues that increased by 49.85%. Topics that dominated the executive branch were 30.30%, those on the legislative power were 6.2%, and those on the judiciary were 13.94%. This reflects the concentration of power before and during the revolution on the executive branch.
 
2. The attention to the military themes jumped from 4.35% before the revolution to 24.8% after the revolution. As a result, the military council took power in Egypt, declining the interest in subjects of the Egyptian Church from 7.83% to 1.60% revolution after revolution. Barossa as declining interest in the economic to the degree absolutely zero after the revolution.
 
 
3. Interest in Egyptian former President Hosni Mubarak was 81.48% before the revolution, coupled with the positive qualities just before the revolution, which decreased by 66.7% during the revolution, with mixed positive and negative qualities, and was 70.96% after the revolution, associated with negative qualities only.
 
4. Omar Suleiman’s focus shifted from zero before the revolution to 31% during the revolution, and returned to zero after the revolution.
 
5. Order News dominant personalities came in first, second, and third, and reached the top of page with a rate of 83.1%.
 
6. Use the style of the site ignored by 35.26% and 23.92% sarcasm and way of linking things negative by 41.1% to erase the negative impact of unwanted news.
 
7. The site focused on issues other than the events of the revolution, because a way to bypass it were the most prominent incidents and controversial issues that were 20.60%, followed by reform (15.85%) and sports (internal and external rate of 21.1%).
 
Testing of the hypotheses
 
The study proved the first theoretical hypothesis that states: “There differences between treatments for the site topics dominant forces (behind the curtain of information) before, during and after Jan. 25.” Through test statistical processor powers the dominant themes of institutions and individuals and it j as follows:
 
Table 1 exhibits the following:
 
Table 1: Topics Wizards site to the dominant forces (institutions) before, during, and after January 25.
 
1. There are significant differences between treatments the site for topics of hegemonic powers (behind the scenes information) before, during, and after 25 January in the (political institutions, legislative, economic institutions, religious institutions) and in the direction before the revolution, while there are significant differences in the (political institutions, judicial institutions private military defense) and in the direction after the revolution, while there are significant differences in institutions (private military war production) and in the direction during the revolution, while there are differences is statistically significant in the rest of the institutions.
 
2. There are significant differences between the Intel site for the dominant themes of power (behind the scenes information) before the January 25 revolution and in the direction of the political institutions of the Executive, similar to that observed before the January 25 revolution with respect to the military production and religious institutions, endowments for Fatwa, and medical institutions (to a lesser extent. foreign institutions).
 
There are three significant differences in the treatments of the site with respect to the dominant themes of power (behind the scenes information) during the January 25 revolution and in the direction of the political institutions of the Executive, similar to that observed with respect to the special economic institutions as well as trade finance, industry, and sports organizations (to a lesser extent, foreign institutions) during the January 25 revolution.
 
3. There are significant differences in the treatments of the site with respect to topics of hegemonic powers (behind the scenes information) before and after the revolution in economic and religious institutions, as well as in the direction before the revolution, as the value of f4, 96 at the expense of analysis of variance one-way in Table 1 as the test account (LSD) showed that less significant difference was 2.97 of economic institutions, and 3 of the religious institutions. While there are differences is statistically significant in the rest of the institutions.
 
Table 2 shows the following:
 
Table 2: Site to address issues regarding Almanmana individuals before, during, and after the January 25 revolution.
 
There are significant differences in the treatment of the site with respect to topics of individuals dominant before, during, and after the January 25 revolution (Susan, Jamal), as well as in the direction after the revolution, while there are significant differences on Omar Suleiman and in the direction during the revolution. Furthermore, there are statistically significant differences on Mubarak.
 
There are significant differences among individuals regarding what was said about them before the January 25 revolution and in the direction of Mubarak, and Jamal and Omar Suleiman were less prominent personnel before the January 25 revolution.
 
There are no statistically significant differences in the treatment of the site with respect to individuals, who were dominant during the January 25 revolution and in the direction of Mubarak, while Susan became less popular during the revolution.
 
There are no statistically significant differences in the treatment site with respect to the dominant individuals after the revolution and in the direction of Mubarak, and Omar Suleiman became less popular after the revolution.
 
Table 3 shows the following:
 
Table 3: Positive and negative qualities of the dominant members before, during, and after the January 25 revolution.
 
1 There are significant differences in the view attributes of the positive and negative variables before, during, and after the January 25 revolution in the public interest, security and safety of the country, and affairs of other Arab countries, as well as in the direction before the revolution, while there are significant differences in patriotism, courage, indifference, passivity, stubbornness, and collusion, as well as in the direction during the revolution. Furthermore, there are significant differences in theft, corruption, fraud and evasion, sympathy towards others, and negligence, as well as in the direction after the revolution; the rest of the attributes showed statistically significant differences.
 
2 There are significant differences between the different view attributes of the positive and negative variables before the revolution and in the direction of interest in the public interest, security and safety of the nation, as it came qualities of patriotism and courage, indifference and passivity and stubbornness, theft and corruption, pretense of trying to reform the political conspiracy, fraud and evasion, sympathy of others, matters less tolerance characteristics before January 25.
 
3 There are significant differences between the various view attributes of the positive and negative variables during the revolution and in the direction of indifference, passivity, and stubbornness, while qualities of friendliness, respect, attention to human affairs, sympathy towards others, and tolerance became less during the revolution.
 
4 There are significant differences between the different view attributes of the positive and negative variables after the revolution, and in the direction of theft and corruption, while qualities of friendliness and respect, public interest, security and safety of the nation, attention to human affairs, interest in the affairs of other Arab countries, patriotism, courage, and collusion became less after the revolution.
 
5 - There are significant differences between the positive qualities of Mubarak before and after the revolution, and in the direction before the revolution. The value Of 2, 69 when unilateral Yalata analysis of variance in Table 3. The value test LDS) 2 as least significant difference
 
There are significant differences between the negative qualities of Mubarak before and during the revolution, and in the direction during the revolution. As the value of f 4,47 when one-way analysis of variance as the value of test (LSD) 3,29 as least significant difference.
 
Table 4 shows the following:
 
Table 4: Illustration of the differences in what was said about the positive and negative attributes of individuals before, during, and after the January 25 revolution.
 
There are significant differences in the positive and negative attributes of individuals before, during, and after the revolution with respect to the public interest and in the direction before the revolution, while there are significant differences in the (theft and corruption) and in the direction after the revolution, while there are differences is statistically significant in other qualities.
 
There are significant differences between the different qualities in view of positive and negative attributes of individuals before the revolution and in the direction of public interest, while theft and corruption decreased during the revolution.
 
There are significant differences between the different positive and negative attributes of individuals after the January 25 revolution and in the direction of theft and corruption, while public interest, friendliness, and respect decreased after the revolution.
 
There are significant differences between the negative qualities of Susan Mubarak before and during the Revolution, and in the direction during the revolution; similar observation could also be noted before and after the revolution and in the direction after the revolution. As the value of f 2, 25 when one-way analysis of variance as the value of test (LSD) 3 as least significant difference.
 
Table 5 shows the following:
 
Table 5: Positive and negative qualities of the dominant members before, during, and after the January 25 revolution.
 
There are significant differences in the positive and negative attributes of individuals before, during, and after the January 25 revolution, while significant differences could be noted in the elusive and stealthy behavior during the evolution. And theft and corruption (incitement and murder after the revolution; the rest of the attributes showed statistically significant differences.
 
There are significant differences in the view of different qualities in what was said about the positive and negative attributes of individuals after the January 25 revolution and in the direction of theft and corruption (incitement and murder), while dodge and stealth qualities became less after the revolution.
 
Table 6 shows the following:
 
Table 6: The positive and negative attributes of individuals before, during, and after the January 25 revolution.
 
There are significant differences in the view of the positive and negative attributes of individuals before, during, and after the January 25 revolution with respect to self-control (deliberation), negotiation and support for democracy, and collusion, and in the direction during the revolution, with the rest of the attributes showing statistically significant differences.
 
There are significant differences in the view of the positive and negative qualities of the members during the revolution and in the direction of negotiation and support for democracy, as it came on the qualities of patriotism and interest in the public interest, the veneration of icons previous qualities less during January 25.
 
There are significant differences between the negative qualities of Omar Suleiman before and during the revolution as well as in the direction during the revolution. Similar observation could also be noted before and after the revolution and in the direction after the revolution. As the value of f 4, 32 when one-way analysis of variance as the value of test (LSD) 3, 20 as least significant difference.
 
2 - The study proved the theoretical validity of the second hypothesis that states:
 
There are differences between the methods of building Star information before, during, and after the January 25 revolution.
 
Table 7 shows the following:
 
Table 7: Order Star building techniques of information before, during, and after the January 25 revolution.
 
There are no statistically significant differences in the order of the construction methods to cover information before, during, and after the revolution.
 
There are significant differences between the order of construction methods to cover information before the revolution and in the direction of the first order, as stated Arrange least the sixth in order before January 25.
 
There are significant differences between the orders of construction methods to cover information during the revolution Arrange In the direction of the first, as stated in at least the sixth Arrange during January 25.
 
There are significant differences between the orders of construction methods to cover the information after the revolution and in the direction of Arrange first, as stated in the order in the sixth least Arrange after Jan. 25.
 
Table 8 shows the following:
 
Table 8: Star building information before, during, and after the January 25 revolution.
 
There are significant differences in the guise of a building area of information before, during, and after the January 25 revolution in the upper third of the page, and in the direction after the revolution, and are the rest of the spaces showed statistically significant differences.
 
There are significant differences between the buildup area of Star information before the revolution and in the direction of the upper third of the page, as stated last third of the page at least in the area before January 25.
 
There are significant differences between the orders of the construction methods to cover information during the revolution and in the direction of the upper third of the page, as stated last third of the page at least in the area during the January 25.
 
There are significant differences between the orders of the construction methods to cover the information after the revolution and in the direction of the upper third of the page, as stated last third of the page at least in the area after January 25.
 
Table 9 shows the following:
 
Table 9: Methods of eradication following information before, during, and after the January 25 revolution.
 
1 There are significant differences in the eradication of the information before, during, and after the revolution in the variable ignore and the direction after the revolution, while the differences are not statistically significant in the rest of variables.
 
2 There are significant differences between the variable erase information before the revolution and in the direction of negative things to link, as stated in the least ignore erase information before January 25.
 
There are three significant differences between the information literacy during the January 25 and in the direction of negative things to link, as stated ignorance and cynicism in the least erase the information during the January 25.
 
4 There are significant differences between the variable erase information after the revolution and ignorance, and cynicism was at least in the erase information after January 25.
 
5 There are significant differences between the style of literacy information before and during the revolution and in the direction during the revolution. Similar observation was also noted before and after the revolution and in the direction after the revolution. As the value of f 3, 36 when one-way analysis of variance as the value of test (LSD) 7, 33 as least significant difference.
 
Table 10 shows the following:
 
Table 10: Methods to circumvent the Wizards site to the dominant themes of power (behind the scenes information) before, during, and after the January 25 revolution.
 
1- There are significant differences between the methods to circumvent the Intel site to Topics dominant forces (behind the scenes information) before, during and after the Jan. 25 in (congratulations holidays, education issues, issues of terrorism and extremism, social issues, issues of espionage and spying, the issues of citizenship, health issues) and in direction before the revolution, while there are significant differences in (issues of political reform, corruption cases) and in the direction after the revolution, while there are significant differences in (issues of economic reform) and in the direction during the revolution, while there are differences is statistically significant in the rest of detours along the way.
 
2 There are significant differences between treatments in the methods to circumvent the site and the dominant themes of power (behind the scenes information) before the revolution and in the direction of subjects did not address the issues, and came spying and espionage cases less detours along the way before January 25.
 
3.There are three significant differences between the processors getting around the site and the dominant themes of power (behind the guise of information) during the January 25 revolution, and in the direction of subjects did not address the issues, and congratulations came less detours along the way during the holidays Jan. 25.
 
4. There are significant differences between treatments in the methods to circumvent the site and the dominant themes of power (behind the guise of information) after the revolution and in the direction of subjects who did not address the issues, and was congratulated holidays and spying and espionage cases and issues of citizenship less detours along after January 25.
 
Conclusion
 
The shift from institutions to individuals (the power behind the curtain):
 
The results of the study on the change in the dominant forces behind the curtain of information before the revolution: Mubarak, Omar Suleiman during the Revolution and after the revolution: the military council. And that those were the dominant forces in the members of the rival, not institutions.
 
Curtain fabric: Thin – fragile – holes
 
The study revealed that the fabric of the curtain was fragile, thin, and rigid – Pope many holes.1 - Withholding of information:
 
- What was said: the site did not even use the word revolution on February 11 and was the main address on that day was: “Mubarak is bound to delegate his powers in response to the demands of the protesters” did not say the site really events.
 
Coloring information:
 
Display Order: The news put the dominant power in the arrangement by 43% before the revolution and by 52% during the revolution, and the proportion fell to 37.5% after the revolution. A change in climate fences scenes powers that be.
 
Area: Spread the site the most important space on the editorial pages in the upper third of its pages to the themes of the dominant forces behind the scenes and a rate of 46% and consistently before, during and after the revolution, which underlines the link between the total charge on the site and the powers behind the curtain.
 
There was the style of ignorance and cynicism to erase the information and reduce the importance of events that you see the forces dominant negative in the analysis of the site it and comment before the Revolution, and during the revolution there was the style of the link between these events and the negative things, such as the collapse of the stock market and stopped production and fled unemployment in the tourism sector, and focus on other issues after the revolution, such as the spread of crime news and news reform expected
 
Curtain Falls
 
1. The public in front of the curtain benefited from a historical circumstance that helped to uncover what lies behind the curtain, and the pressure from other forces worked through a series of leaks, such as Wikileaks, and published details of the wealth of Mubarak in the decisive moments of the days of the revolution. On the discover this curtain and revealed holes in it and force through it.
 
2. The differences between the dominant forces behind the scenes led to a large part of its detection.
 
3. The public uses the new media via the Internet, especially social networking sites, and media exposure of the covered information, upon which the dominant forces behind the scenes were quite effective, led to the downfall of those forces as soon as the curtain revealed the information.
 
4. This study tested the sixth hypothesis with respect to the theory of the curtain of information, which states that there is a dominant force behind the curtain information and texture information to the curtain and the front of the public information, and the results confirmed the link between the dominant forces behind the curtain and curtain fabric, as well as the concomitant change between the three elements in the society.
 
Recommendations
 
1. This study presented the concept of information curtain first time, and this concept need many contribution from many researches made to the information curtain literature.
 
2. This study focus on the Egyptian Revolution only ,so we need many studies to include literatures of Jasmine Revolution, Twitter Revolution, Wikileaks Revolution, community sites and other media d between it and the concept of the information curtain .
 
3. The study call to comparative studies about the information curtain in the Arab Spring Revolution and all Revolution around the world and call to comparative studies about information curtain in New media
 
 
References