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Climate change; Flooding

Introduction

River floods can also occur when the flow rate exceeds the river channel’s capacity, particularly around bends or meanders. Homes and businesses in the natural floodplains of rivers are frequently damaged by floods. People have traditionally lived and worked near rivers because the land is typically flat and fertile and because rivers provide easy travel and access to commerce and industry. Riverine flood damage can be avoided by moving away from rivers and other bodies of water. In addition to causing damage to property, flooding can increase the spread of water-borne and mosquito-borne diseases as well as the displacement of residents for an extended period of time.

Rainfall events will be more intense as the climate warms. Floods that occur in this warmer future will be more severe: There will be more flooding in some areas and less flooding in others. This is contingent on a number of variables, including shifts in snowmelt, soil moisture, and rainfall: Flooding can occur in urban areas, along rivers, or along the coast. As sea levels rise, the risk of coastal flooding will also rise: Due to an intensification of the water cycle, global warming makes larger storm events more common. This increase in the frequency of large storm events would alter existing Intensity-Duration-Frequency curves (IDF curves) due to the change in frequency, as well as by lifting and steepening the curves in the future. If sea levels rise by an additional 0.15 m, 20% more people will be exposed to a 1 in 100 year coastal flood, assuming no population growth and no further [1-5].

Discussion

As a subfield of risk management, flood risk management (FRM) aims to mitigate flooding-related human and economic losses. Through flood risk assessment, flood risk management tries to make people aware of the risks posed by flooding and take appropriate action. This is done by analyzing the connections between physical systems and socioeconomic environments. Models and socioeconomic consequences, as well as drivers and natural processes, are just a few of the topics that fall under the scope of the relationships. FRM looks at how to reduce flood risk and how to appropriately manage risks that are associated with flooding. This relationship examines management methods, which include a wide range of flood management methods, including but not limited to flood mapping and physical implication measures. With more extreme weather and rising sea levels caused by climate change, flood risk is especially important because more areas will be affected by it. Flood risk management includes mitigating and preparing for flooding disasters, analyzing risk, and providing a risk analysis system.

Waterways that are prone to flooding are frequently managed with care in a lot of countries all over the world. To stop waterways from going over their banks, defenses such as detention basins, levees, bunds, reservoirs, and weirs are used. Emergency measures like portable inflatable tubes or sandbags are frequently used to try to stop flooding when these defenses fail. With coastal defenses like sea walls, beach nourishment, and barrier islands, coastal flooding has been addressed in parts of Europe and the Americas.

Erosion control measures can be used in the riparian zone near rivers and streams to try to slow down or reverse the natural forces that make many waterways meander for long periods of time. Dams and other flood controls can be constructed and maintained over time to try to lessen the frequency and severity of floods. A network of these flood control dams is maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the United States.

Man-made sewer systems and stormwater infrastructure can be fixed and expanded in urban flooding-prone areas. Natural drainage channels, porous paving, and wetlands-collectively referred to as “green infrastructure” or “sustainable urban drainage systems-

Can also be used to cut down on the amount of impervious surfaces that are present in buildings, parking lots, and streets. Parks and playgrounds that can tolerate occasional flooding can be constructed in flood-prone areas. Buildings can be required to be elevated, protected by floodwalls and levees, or designed to withstand temporary flooding by adopting ordinances that require developers to retain stormwater on site. Re-landscaping a property to divert water away from a building and installing rain barrels, sump pumps, and check valves are two other options available to property owners.

The presence of certain species, like beavers, can help control flooding in some places. Beavers construct and maintain beaver dams, which, at the expense of minor flooding near the dams (often on farmland), reduce or eliminate damage to human structures and lower the height of flood waves moving down the river during heavy rainstorms. In addition, they increase wildlife populations and filter pollutants (manure, fertilizer, and slurry). According to UK environment minister Rebecca Pow, the beavers may one day be regarded as a “public good,” and landowners may be compensated for having them on their property [6-10].

Conclusions

For floods, the National Weather Service in the United States advises “Turn Around, Don’t Drown”; specifically, it advises against attempting to cross a flood zone and instead urges people to evacuate it. At its most fundamental level, the most effective flood defense is to seek higher ground for high-value uses while weighing the benefits of occupying flood hazard zones against the risks that can be anticipated. Critical facilities for community safety, such as hospitals, emergency operations centers, and police, fire, and rescue services, ought to be constructed in flood-prone regions. Bridges, for example, should be built to withstand flooding if they must be in flood-prone areas. When a flood is imminent, people may move to safer areas and use flood-prone areas for valuable purposes that may be temporarily abandoned. Numerous pathogens and bacteria that are transported by water increase the risk of transmittable diseases. Cholera, hepatitis A, hepatitis E, and diarrheal diseases are just a few of the many diseases transmitted by water. During a flood, there is a lack of clean water, which leads to a lot of gastroenteritis and diarrhea. When flooding occurs, most clean water supplies become contaminated. Depending on where the flood is and how prepared the community is for a flood, the lack of sanitation in the water and living quarters contributes to the prevalence of hepatitis A and E.

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