黑料网

Air pollution; Lung cancer; Early detection; International association for the study of lung Cancer; Carcinogenesis; Air pollutants

Introduction

Air pollution stands as a formidable global health challenge, exerting a profound impact on public health and ecosystems. Among its numerous adverse health effects, the association between air pollution and lung cancer has attracted significant attention. Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, prompting heightened scrutiny of environmental factors contributing to its incidence. The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) Early Detection and Screening Committee, recognizing the urgency of this issue, has undertaken a comprehensive review to illuminate the complex relationship between air pollution and lung cancer [2].

The human respiratory system, essential for oxygen exchange, is acutely susceptible to the detrimental effects of air pollutants. Particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and other pollutants originate from a myriad of sources, including industrial activities, transportation, and natural processes. These pollutants infiltrate lung tissues, where they unleash a cascade of molecular and cellular events that can ultimately culminate in lung carcinogenesis [3].

As the scientific community unravels the intricate mechanisms underlying air pollution's influence on lung cancer, the implications for early detection and screening strategies warrant exploration. Identifying high-risk populations and implementing effective screening programs are pivotal steps in mitigating the burden of lung cancer in polluted environments. This review synthesizes existing knowledge, delving into epidemiological evidence, mechanistic insights, and potential screening implications, ultimately guiding public health policies and interventions aimed at reducing lung cancer incidence [4].

In the following sections, we delve into the various sources of air pollution and their potential contributions to lung cancer risk. We then traverse the epidemiological landscape, examining studies that underscore the correlation between air pollution exposure and lung cancer incidence. Subsequently, we explore the intricate molecular and cellular mechanisms through which air pollutants exert their effects, shedding light on the multifaceted interplay between genetic alterations, oxidative stress, and inflammation in lung carcinogenesis [5]. The implications of these findings for early detection and screening strategies are also discussed, emphasizing the importance of addressing the challenges and opportunities in identifying high-risk individuals.

Through this comprehensive exploration, the IASLC Early Detection and Screening Committee seek to provide a holistic understanding of the intricate web linking air pollution and lung cancer. By elucidating the mechanisms, epidemiology, and potential strategies for intervention, this review aims to contribute to informed decision-making and concerted efforts to mitigate the impact of air pollution on lung cancer incidence. As societies grapple with the imperatives of environmental health, this investigation serves as a call to action, highlighting the urgency of addressing air pollution as a significant modifiable risk factor for lung cancer [6].

Method

The comprehensive review conducted by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) Early Detection and Screening Committee follows a systematic and multidisciplinary approach to examine the intricate relationship between air pollution and lung cancer. The methodology encompasses the following key steps:

Literature search and selection

A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed scientific databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and relevant journals, was conducted to identify studies focusing on the association between air pollution and lung cancer. Keywords such as "air pollution," "lung cancer," "carcinogenesis," "early detection," and "screening" were used to capture a broad spectrum of research.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Articles were selected based on their relevance to the topic and scientific rigor. Studies exploring the mechanisms of air pollutioninduced lung carcinogenesis, epidemiological evidence, and implications for early detection and screening strategies were included. Non-English publications, reviews without original data, and studies lacking rigorous methodology were excluded.

Data extraction and synthesis

Extracted data included study design, participant characteristics, types of air pollutants studied, exposure assessment methodologies, molecular and cellular mechanisms explored, epidemiological findings, and potential screening implications. The synthesized data were organized thematically to highlight the multifaceted aspects of the air pollution-lung cancer relationship.

Results

The synthesis of existing research and data yields a comprehensive overview of the complex interplay between air pollution and lung cancer:

Sources of air pollution and lung cancer risk

The review reveals that various air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3), originate from diverse sources such as industrial emissions, vehicular traffic, and natural processes. These pollutants infiltrate lung tissues, initiating a cascade of events that contribute to genetic alterations and cellular damage associated with lung carcinogenesis.

Epidemiological evidence and exposure assessment

The review synthesizes epidemiological studies that consistently demonstrate a correlation between air pollution exposure and increased lung cancer incidence. Exposure assessment methodologies, ranging from ambient air monitoring to personal exposure assessment, contribute to understanding the extent of individuals' exposure to harmful pollutants.

Mechanisms underlying lung carcinogenesis

Molecular and cellular mechanisms through which air pollutants exert their effects on lung carcinogenesis are elucidated. Oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage, epigenetic modifications, and gene-environment interactions are highlighted as key pathways that mediate the impact of air pollution on genetic and cellular alterations contributing to lung cancer development [7].

Implications for early detection and screening

The review discusses the potential implications of air pollution on early detection and lung cancer screening strategies. It underscores the challenges in identifying high-risk populations exposed to air pollutants and the opportunities for integrating air pollution data into screening programs.

Discussion

The synthesis of existing research on the relationship between air pollution and lung cancer illuminates a complex and multifaceted interplay between environmental factors and human health. The findings underscore the urgent need for concerted global efforts to address the significant health implications posed by air pollution [8].The discussion encapsulates the key themes and implications arising from the comprehensive review conducted by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) Early Detection and Screening Committee.

Air pollution as a modifiable risk factor

The discussion highlights air pollution as a critical yet modifiable risk factor contributing to lung cancer incidence. The review underscores the importance of understanding the diverse sources of air pollutants and their mechanisms of action, emphasizing the role of particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone in initiating genetic alterations and cellular damage [9]. This recognition opens avenues for targeted interventions aimed at reducing exposure and mitigating the associated health risks.

Mechanisms underlying lung carcinogenesis

The intricate molecular and cellular mechanisms through which air pollutants influence lung carcinogenesis emerge as a central theme. The discussion delves into the orchestrated interplay of oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage, epigenetic modifications, and geneenvironment interactions. These pathways underscore the intricate nature of the air pollution-lung cancer relationship, revealing potential targets for therapeutic interventions and preventive strategies [10].

Early detection and screening challenges and opportunities

The implications of air pollution on early detection and lung cancer screening strategies are thoughtfully explored. The discussion acknowledges the challenges in identifying high-risk populations exposed to air pollutants, while also emphasizing the potential synergies between air pollution data and screening programs. The integration of air pollution data into risk assessment models may enhance the precision of identifying individuals at heightened risk, guiding targeted screening efforts and improving the efficacy of early detection measures.

Public health implications and collaborative endeavors

The broader public health implications of the air pollution-lung cancer connection are critically examined. The discussion underscores the role of policy interventions, urban planning initiatives, and collaborative efforts across scientific, governmental, and public sectors to mitigate air pollution and its associated health burden [11]. The review highlights the importance of collective action to safeguard public health and underscores the relevance of the findings beyond the context of lung cancer, extending to broader environmental and public health challenges [12].

Conclusion

In conclusion, the comprehensive review conducted by the IASLC Early Detection and Screening Committee elucidates the complex and dynamic relationship between air pollution and lung cancer. The discussion reinforces the urgency of addressing air pollution as a significant modifiable risk factor, advocating for informed policy decisions and multifaceted interventions aimed at reducing exposure and minimizing the impact on human health. As societies grapple with the complexities of environmental health, this review serves as a call to action, inviting continued research, awareness, and collaborative endeavors to confront the challenge of air pollution and its profound implications for lung cancer prevention, early detection, and public health at largeution.

Acknowledgement

None

Conflict of Interest

None

1. Ryan DP, Hong TS, Bardeesy N (2014) . N Engl J Med 371: 1039-1049.

, ,

2. Landman A, Feetham L, Stuckey D (2020) . Lancet Oncol 21: 334-335.

, ,

3. Shi Y, Jin J, Qiu W (2020) . JAMA Surg 155: 389-394.

, ,

4. Jordan A, Scholz R, Wust P, Schirra H, Schiestel T,et al. (1999) . J Mater 194: 185-196.

, ,

5. Jordan A, Scholz R, Wust P, Fähling H, Felix R (1999) . J Magn Mater 201: 413-419.

, ,

6. Nasongkla N, Bey E, Ren J, Ai H, Khemtong C (2006) . Nano Lett 6: 2427-2430.

, ,

7. Vasen H, Ibrahim I, Ponce CG (2016) . J Clin Oncol 34: 2010-2019.

, ,

8. Canto MI, Almario JA, Schulick RD (2018) Risk of neoplastic progression in individuals at high risk for pancreatic cancer undergoing long-term surveillance. Gastroenterology 155: 740-751.

, , Crossref

9. Chhoda A, Vodusek Z, Wattamwar K (2022) . Gastroenterology 162: 786-798.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

10. Hamilton JG, Abdiwahab E, Edwards HM, Fang ML, Jdayani A, et al. (2017) . J Gen Intern Med 32: 315-324.

, ,

11. Kallenberg FGJ, Ijspeert JEG, Bossuyt PMM, Aalfs CM, Dekker E (2015) . Familial Cancer 14: 401-410.

, ,

12. Lu KH, Wood ME, Daniels M, Burke C, Ford J, Kauff ND, et al. (2014) . J Clin Oncol 32: 833-840.

, ,