ISSN: 2573-4555
Journal of Traditional Medicine & Clinical Naturopathy
Make the best use of Scientific Research and information from our 700+ peer reviewed, 黑料网 Journals that operates with the help of 50,000+ Editorial Board Members and esteemed reviewers and 1000+ Scientific associations in Medical, Clinical, Pharmaceutical, Engineering, Technology and Management Fields.
Meet Inspiring Speakers and Experts at our 3000+ Global Events with over 600+ Conferences, 1200+ Symposiums and 1200+ Workshops on Medical, Pharma, Engineering, Science, Technology and Business
Review Article 黑料网
An Analytical Review of Animals in Carakopaskara Commentary of Caraka Samhita
| Panja AK* | |
| PG Department of Basic Principles, National Institute of Ayurveda (Govt. of India), Jaipur, India | |
| Corresponding Author : | Panja AK PG Department of Basic Principles National Institute of Ayurveda (Govt. of India) Jaipur, India E-mail: asitpanjain@gmail.com |
| Received June 02, 2012; Accepted August 20, 2012; Published August 22, 2012 | |
| Citation: Panja AK (2012) An Analytical Review of Animals in Carakopaskara Commentary of Caraka Samhita. J Homeop Ayurv Med 1:111. doi: 10.4172/2167-1206.1000111 | |
| Copyright: © 2012 Panja AK. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. | |
Visit for more related articles at Journal of Traditional Medicine & Clinical Naturopathy
Abstract
aspects are documented in a vast and complex way in ayurveda. The usages of animal products as food and medicine itself reveal the intense field work and ample research regarding the natural habitat, character, quality and the effect of animal and animal products conducted by the then scholars. From very gross product like
to finer one like pituitary gland are medicinally used. Human mental characters are also symbolified with animal characters. In various instances, the different activity is also evidenced by animal character. This study is dealt with the clinical relavancy of identification of different animals described in caraka samhita.
| Keywords |
| Animals; Caraka Samhita; 颁补谤补办辞辫补蝉办�?聛谤补 commentary |
| Background |
| Caraka samhita |
| 础驳苍颈惫别�?�?补 tantra is a classical medical text in the ancient time which is redacted by �?�?c�?聛rya Caraka and is known as Caraka 厂补谩鹿聛丑颈迟�?聛. The lost material of Caraka 厂补谩鹿聛丑颈迟�?聛 was fulfilled by �?�?c�?聛rya Drdhabala. In due course of time the book was commented by different scholars for the understanding of the textual matters. The commentary is written with the specific aim to explore particular texts in a descriptive and analytic manner. This is a journey to re-observe the study material in an authentic experimentation and thereby make a conclusion. The extensive multidimensional approach of Caraka 厂补谩鹿聛丑颈迟�?聛 is distinguished by different commentators in a lucid manner and encapsulated the distinct variations of the meaning of the contents in different contexts, and viewed accordingly from the grammatical, philosophical and clinical angles. |
| CarakopaskAra commentary |
| From the different sources and citation it is revealed that there exist nearly about forty commentators on Caraka 厂补谩鹿聛丑颈迟�?聛 such as Bhatt�?聛ra Haricandra, Sv�?聛m�?芦kum�?聛ra, Jejjata, Cakrap�?聛ni Dutta, Gay�?聛d�?聛sa, �?�?ivad�?聛sa Sen, Ga谩鹿�?g�?聛dhara Roy, Yog�?芦ndranath Sen, Jyotiscandra Sarasvat�?芦, Himadutta, Vaisnava, �?�?ivasaidhava, Sv�?聛m�?芦das, As�?聛dhavramA, Ks�?芦rasv�?聛m�?芦 Dutta, Sudh�?芦ra, Naradutta, 叠丑�?聛蝉补 Dutta, Bh�?芦madutta, I�?�?vara Sen, V�?聛pyacandra, �?陋�?�?�?聛nadeva, Suk�?芦ra, Sud�?聛nta Sen, Narasi谩鹿聛ha Kavir�?聛ja etc. [1]. Among those some commentaries are popular and considered as authentic. Very little information is available regarding majority of the scholars. In vast cases only their names are found in different quotations. Unfortunately nine commentaries either in partial or in full form are available in different parts of India. |
| �?�?c�?聛rya Jog�?芦ndran�?聛th Sen was the last authentic commentator of Caraka Sa谩鹿聛hita. The name of his commentary is “颁补谤补办辞辫补蝉办�?聛谤补”. His categorical analysis in commentary is supposed to be best for the current era. The commentary was first published in 1920 [1] by �?�?c�?聛rya Jog�?芦ndran�?聛th Sen, Calcutta. Original manuscript was written in Sanskrit language and Bengali script. The commentary was based upon materials collected from different parts of India and London [2]. |
| The Subject Material |
| The drug is one of the prime components of four quadruples [3]. Ultimately the aim of the treatment is to cure the disease. This is possible only with the administration of the drug. Source of the drug is mainly from animal, plant and mineral origin. Differences of opinion are commonly found in different commentaries of this text regarding the animal and animal products. To make the physician well acquainted with the uncommon and rare drugs of the particular time, �?�?c�?聛rya Jog�?芦ndran�?聛th Sen had also tried to justify his view in respect to source of the drug and their products for therapeutic purposes. Therefore the identification of animals is furnished magnifying the differentiation in a vivid form for medical management. |
| Among the different animals and their products described in Caraka 厂补谩鹿聛丑颈迟�?聛, some of them are having therapeutic and nutritive values whereas some are toxic in nature. To clarify the respective animals and animal products, consultation of commentaries are mandatory. In the present era the whole animal kingdom is divided into different phylum but in the classics they are grouped as per their habit and habitat with the intention for categorical therapeutic uses. In different circumstances even after classifying the animals on the basis of the effectiveness of the part of the animals in that specific context, the valuable and commonly available parts are used and are grouped functionally. The name of the animals is also varied in different context of the text as behavioral physiology is also classified symbolifying the animal characteristics. Animal products are naturally used for the making of different instruments also. |
| The comparative statement of animals are made identifying animals on the basis of character, local variants and usage of their products depicted in original text supported by �?�?c�?聛rya Jog�?芦ndran�?聛th Sen’s commentary with the English name and Zoological name respectively in table 1. |
| Discussion |
| In context of eight sources of urine, �?聛肠�?聛谤测补 has read 补产�?芦 in place of abi (sheep) which justifies the clinical sense as in case of abi or sheep’s urine, the urine of the female animal is to be taken on account of laghutva i.e. lightness of the urine. Ahi i.e. snake and 补箩�?聛 i.e. goat are indicative of common categories. Ambukukkuti is identified as waterhen and moor-hen by different scholars where as �?聛肠�?聛谤测补, eradicating the confusion, confirms it as black-water-hen. Atyuha and 补谩鹿�?驳�?聛谤补肠�?芦诲补办补 are closely similar animals and these are identified as bulbul, black bulbul and red vented bulbul by various authors. �?�?c�?聛rya Jog�?芦ndran�?聛th Sen has identified 补谩鹿�?驳�?聛谤补肠�?芦诲补办补 as datyuha and co-local Bengali name is given for differentiation between the two. 础惫补办�?聛谤补 is not specifically identified. Some other researcher identified as a variety of peacock as the 补惫补办�?聛谤补 and varhi are clinically used in same indication by later authors. 叠补濒�?聛办�?聛, krauñcha and vaka are the varieties of crane. 叠补濒�?聛办�?聛 is characterized by white wings whereas vaka is characterized by palewhite (辫�?聛苍诲耻) wings. Krauñcha is recognized as a common variety. 叠丑�?聛蝉补 is mentioned as domestic variety of vulture having white horn like projection in head. In other instance, the specific characteristic feature of vulture like mAMsAsi (voracious) and yojanadrsti (having the miles visual acuity) are given. In context of 谤�?聛箩补测补办蝉尘�?聛 the same animal “grdhra” is identified as “耻濒濒�?芦办补” which is known as Indian owl. It signifies that “耻濒濒�?芦办补” can be clinically used in that specific context. Bhramara, dvirefa, ksaudra and 尘�?聛办蝉颈办补 are the variety of bees. Here colour and shape have been stressed for identification. Bhramara is having the colour of collyrium where as ksaudra and 尘�?聛办蝉颈办补 are characterized by 辫颈谩鹿�?驳补濒补惫补谤苍补. The difference has been done on the basis of size. Cakora, j�?芦vaj�?芦vaka, j�?芦vanj�?芦vaka, kukkubha, rakt�?聛ksa and upacakra are the varieties of pheasant with different identifying features. They are used in different clinical conditions according to their qualities. 颁补谤补苍�?聛测耻诲丑补, daksa and 迟�?聛尘谤补肠�?芦诲补 are synonymous and are identified as different animals by various commentators but may be due to similar clinical uses �?�?c�?聛rya Jog�?芦ndran�?聛th Sen has identified under kukuta i.e chicken. For the identification of similar animals like 肠耻濒濒耻办�?芦 and �?�?颈�?�?耻尘�?聛谤补, the specific characteristic feature like inward directed mouth etc. is given. Dh�?聛rtar�?聛stra, ha谩鹿聛sa, k�?聛r�?聛ndava, p�?聛kaha谩鹿聛sa and kadamba are varieties of swan having similar qualities. Mrga generally indicates a group of 箩�?聛谩鹿�?驳补濒补 animal having alike lifestyle. Ena, harina, gokarna, kottak�?聛raka, mrgam�?聛trika, kura谩鹿�?ga, nyu谩鹿�?ka, prsata, r�?聛ma, �?�?arabha, rsya and ruru are the different varieties of mrga used in different clinical conditions but for their better identification specific features are given. �?�?惫补诲补谩鹿聛蝉迟谤�?聛 is identified as mouse deer by some zoologist but �?�?c�?聛rya Jog�?芦ndran�?聛th Sen has been categorized it under mrga group on account of its similar clinical use. Various categories of sparrows are used in Caraka 厂补谩鹿聛丑颈迟�?聛 like kalavi谩鹿�?ka, kuli谩鹿�?ga, kuli谩鹿�?gaka, ka谩鹿�?ka, s�?聛ra谩鹿�?ga etc. and categorical identification of the respective animal is described by �?�?c�?聛rya Jog�?芦ndran�?聛th Sen. |
| Physical properties of the animals are also used for recognition like astapadamah�?聛�?�?r谩鹿�?ga prstagatacatusp�?聛da for �?�?arabha, Hasty�?聛k�?聛ra antarvaktra bahirni�?�?v�?聛samukha for �?�?颈�?�?耻尘�?聛谤补, Kapiñjal�?聛t alpa vartik�?聛ra kiñcita mah�?聛na for vartiraka , Caturdra谩鹿聛stra atidusta karkataka for �?�?惫补诲补谩鹿聛蝉迟谤�?聛 etc. |
| Clinical specification “ 惫颈蝉补蝉�?芦肠补办补 “ of cakora rather than physical character is mentioned. Acharya Carauska is categorically identified as mrga having carusarira. C�?聛sa, a variety of bird, is described according to the specific sound produced by the bird. |
| Categorically colour, habitat, dwelling character and specific appearance are stressed as identifying marks. |
| Co-local names also play an important role for identification of the doubtful animals. �?�?c�?聛rya Jog�?芦ndran�?聛th Sen has given a healthy number of co-local names which signifies familiarities of the qualities of the various animals and their parts to the common physician. He belonged to undivided Bengal and therefore used co-local Bengali names of the animals for easy understanding either in relation to identification locally for therapeutic approach as those are varied in different places or the specific species found on that place which has most significant therapeutic value, viz., keñco for gand�?芦p�?聛da, gughu for spotted pigeon, 驳补苍诲�?聛谤补 for kha谩鹿�?ga, koñcabaka for krauñca, girgiti for krk�?聛l�?聛sa, kuñce for kucik�?聛, khemka�?�?iy�?聛la for lop�?聛ka, s补箩�?聛ru for sallka, �?�?u�?�?uka for �?�?颈�?�?耻尘�?聛谤补, b�?聛inm�?聛cha for 惫补谤尘�?芦 etc. |
| The etymological derivations of those nomenclatures are useful to understand the characters for proper identification. |
| In few cases his views differ from the classical text and other commentators. He had identified Udra as 箩补濒补惫颈诲�?聛濒补 (a variety of cat) but majority of the scholars have viewed in favour of cat-fish. Urana is recognized as a variety of deer (mrgabheda) whereas scholars have identified as mesa (wild sheep). Vabhru, as per Jogindranath, is a variety of dog (Atiloma�?�?a kukkura) which is basically a mongoose etc. |
| Conclusion |
| The identification was made on practical applicability of the animals in clinical use based on co-local terms, physical and physiological characters, and etymological derivations of the terms. Majority of instances the views have not been varied in the commentary from that of the original text, but in few exceptions different opinions are viewed. |
| Keeping the applied sense of the animals in mind the above non identified animals (table 1) (blank spaces in column 3 and 5 with * marks) are to be properly explored as in the present era neither zoologist, veterinary experts nor folk persons are well acquainted with those terms and their functions. |
| In this era almost all the animals come under Animal Protection Act and therefore the number of used animals and its products are restricted. On the basis of similar functionalities of the identified animals and maintaining the legal aspects, the animals and their products are to be used as medicine or diet. |
| Acknowledgement |
| Dr. Abhilash Chattopadhyaya, B.V.Sc, Veterinary Medical Officer, Haringhata Dairy, Govt. of West Bengal for helping identification, authentication and providing related matters. |
References
|
--
Tables and Figures at a glance
 |
| Table 1 |
Share This Article
Relevant Topics
- Acupuncture Therapy
- Advances in Naturopathic Treatment
- African Traditional Medicine
- Australian Traditional Medicine
- Chinese Acupuncture
- Chinese Medicine
- Clinical Naturopathic Medicine
- Clinical Naturopathy
- Herbal Medicines
- Holistic Cancer Treatment
- Holistic health
- Holistic Nutrition
- Homeopathic Medicine
- Homeopathic Remedies
- Japanese Traditional Medicine
- Korean Traditional Medicine
- Natural Remedies
- Naturopathic Medicine
- Naturopathic Practioner Communications
- Naturopathy
- Naturopathy Clinic Management
- Traditional Asian Medicine
- Traditional medicine
- Traditional Plant Medicine
- UK naturopathy
Recommended Journals
Article Tools
Article Usage
- Total views: 14336
- [From(publication date):
December-2012 - Mar 10, 2025] - Breakdown by view type
- HTML page views : 9880
- PDF downloads : 4456
