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Stress, Traumatic stress, PTSD, Prevention, Public health, Treatment, Biomarkers, Burden

A traumatic experience is an event that can pierce into the integrity of an individual or a community and cause distress, a sense of powerlessness, horror, or an overwhelming fear reaction, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).

Trauma is divided into two levels or domains, type 1 trauma and type 2 trauma, according to Terr (1991). Post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is frequently brought on by type 1 trauma, which typically begins in childhood after unexpected, singular incidents (PTSD). Type 2 trauma, on the other hand, comes after persistent exposure to ongoing external events. PTSD and other trauma-related symptoms can also arise as a result of type 2 trauma, which is significant. While up to 90% of the general population experiences trauma, only 20–30% of them develop PTSD (Al Jowf, et al 1999)

In Europe, the lifetime prevalence of traumatic stress disorders ranges from 0.56% to 6.67%, with the Netherlands, the UK, France, and Germany having the highest prevalence rates. It is understood that exposure to traumatic experiences is a crucial component in the emergence of stress-related diseases. PTSD is the most common disorder brought on by traumatic stress (Bodkin, et al 2007)

STRESS-RELATED MENTAL DISORDERS AND PTSD: By 2030, it is anticipated that stress-related mental diseases would have cost the world USD 16 trillion. They frequently manifest gradually and at a young age. Direct healthcare expenses, lost productivity, societal costs, and non-healthcare expenditures are the four primary categories into which the economic burden can be divided. Disease-related costs are typically broken down into three categories: direct, indirect, and intangible costs. Healthcare costs (diagnostic, treatment, and rehabilitation) and non-healthcare costs (such as transportation, household expenses, moving, property losses, and informal care) are examples of direct costs. Mortality and morbidity- related productivity losses are an indirect cost that affects the person, family, community, or employer. Although intangible costs are non-monetary and relate to function loss, greater discomfort, and decreased life quality, they can still be significant (Copeland, et al 2007).

When compared to the expense of drug treatment and rehabilitation services, psychiatrist contact and outpatient treatment are surprisingly more expensive. The annual mean direct costs of PTSD per person were significantly lower in South-Eastern European nations (USD PPP [purchasing power parities] 198-7110) than in the UK, Germany, and Northern Ireland (USD PPP [purchasing power parities] 2337-26,991), most likely as a result of the disparity in healthcare spending between these nations. The severity of the symptoms has a negative impact on these values, as would be predicted.

MEDICAL BURDEN: The clinical weight is the effect an illness has on a populace, which can be estimated by markers like horribleness, mortality, and cost. The clinical weight incorporates medical services weight, comorbidity, and substance misuse, which additionally needs further therapies. The clinical weight of diseases can be quantitatively estimated by a combined sickness rating scale. This scale is a device pervasively utilized as a measure to assess clinical weight in more seasoned grown-ups as well as veterans. Co-event of mental as well as the overall clinical issues are among the most widely recognized and impairing mixes, with roughly 30% of people with comorbidity having both a psychological and an actual problem. Furthermore, 68% of grown-ups with mental problems have actual ailments. Patients with clinical comorbidity are needing clinical benefits with the stacking medical care framework. For instance, PTSD is exacerbated by comorbid clinical disease, representing aggregate help use (Phifer, et al 1990)

Returning veterans with PTSD, as an example, have a higher medical burden than those without mental health conditions. In addition, these medical burdens are conditional on gender. Women tend to have more medical burdens than men. The median number of medical conditions for women with PTSD was seven, while for men was five.

FUTURE PERSPECTIVES AND BIOMEDICAL MARKERS: Despite the fact that PTSD is in many cases an exceptionally weakening mental problem, no clinical devices are presently accessible to forestall or limit the effect of horrendous weight on emotional well-being. PTSD side effects keep experiencing people driving a solid way of life and are weakening on an individual, cultural as well as an expert level. Additionally, the monetary weight of PTSD is significant. There is in this way a squeezing need to foster extra devices to help PTSD counteraction and treatment, like biomarkers. We center on biomarkers that help the cycles of finding as well as deciding treatment and reaction to treatment, supporting separated accuracy medication (Ursano, et al 2009)

This paper furnished a writing survey of PTSD with the emphasis on horrendous pressure counteraction structure a general wellbeing point of view. A horrendous encounter is an occasion that can pierce into the uprightness of an individual or a gathering causing trouble, sensations of powerlessness, ghastliness, or extreme trepidation response. The reason for this horrible experience could go from war, psychological oppression, and calamities to rape and kid misuse. A very much perceived difficulty of such experience is PTSD. Momentum engaging and observational proof showed race, orientation, and age contrasts in the gamble of creating PTSD, coming about in interindividual contrasts in illness sign.

Al Jowf, G. I., Snijders, C., Rutten, B. P., de Nijs, L., & Eijssen, L. M. (2021). The Molecular Biology of Susceptibility to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Highlights of Epigenetics and Epigenomics. Int J Mol Sci, 22(19), 10743.

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Bodkin, J. A., Pope, H. G., Detke, M. J., & Hudson, J. I. (2007). Is PTSD caused by traumatic stress?. J Anxiety Disord, 21(2), 176-182.

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Copeland, W. E., Keeler, G., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2007). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress in childhood. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 64(5), 577-584.

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Phifer, J. F. (1990). Psychological distress and somatic symptoms after natural disaster: differential vulnerability among older adults. Psychol Aging, 5(3), 412.

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Ursano, R. J., Zhang, L., Li, H., Johnson, L., Carlton, J., Fullerton, C. S., et al (2009). PTSD and traumatic stress: From gene to community and bench to bedside. Brain Res J, 1293, 2-12.

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