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Biomass from plant rural squanders contains cellulose which is a significant constituent substance found in the cell mass of trees and green plants. Cellulosic agricultural waste is inexpensive, readily available, biodegradable, non-toxic, renewable, and simple to process. The European Food Safety Authority, the Food Standard Agency, and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have approved the use of cellulose and some of its derivatives as food additives [1]. The capacity of cellulose to be ready in nano-metric aspects has caused it to draw in critical consideration in the area of nanotechnology. Due to their high tensile strength, high thermal properties, transparency, and flexibility, nanomaterials are said to have remarkable properties. The final industry application of nanocellulose is determined by these properties. For example, nanocellulose is utilized as a filler in the material and polymer industry inferable from its huge surface region [2]. Plant materials have been used to make a number of nanocellulose materials with increased tensile strength, modulus, and rigidity that could be used in electronic devices.

A type of nanocellulose known as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are typically produced through acid hydrolysis. The crystalline portion of the cellulose is retained while the amorphous portion of the cellulose is hydrolyzed, resulting in a highly ordered material [3]. High aspect ratio, high tensile strength, high surface area, high crystallinity, supramolecular structure, and excellent stiffness are among the promising characteristics of CNCs. They can be used in a variety of chemical and engineering science fields because of these properties. CNC's properties are source-subordinate, in this manner fitting cellulosic natural substance and reasonable extraction system should be laid out in light of the required last CNC properties and applications. Drug delivery, polymer nanocomposite, electronics, water and wastewater treatment, biomedical engineering, energy production, and more are just a few of the many fields in which CNCs have proven useful [4]. CNC from softwood mash has shown a striking way of behaving that anticipated its likely use as a transporter in unambiguous medication conveyance applications. Shaggy CNC from wood mash had been arranged and utilized for color expulsion because of its superb bio-adsorptive property.

Following the flexibility of uses of CNC, there is a developing interest for cellulosic-based synthetic compounds, consequently the need to source more courses to create cellulose. Recent efforts to obtain cellulose focus on the environment's abundance of agricultural waste. It has been reported that CNC and cellulose were isolated from the following agricultural wastes: rice straw, the shell of a coconut, the shell of a ground nut, the shell of a walnut, the peel of jackfruit, corn straw, aerial yam, bamboo, and sisal.

Chromolaena odorata, also known as Siam weed (SW), is a perennial shrub that originated in Central and South America and quickly spread to Asia, Africa, the Pacific, and the tropical regions of Asia. It is a common environmental weed that mostly grows in areas with high humidity and altitudes below 2000 meters. At the moment, SW is bad for any area and can poison livestock if eaten. When compared to other agricultural wastes from which cellulose has previously been isolated, this weed has the advantage of being far more prevalent in the environment as a biomass and being accessible without the need for intentional cultivation. Furthermore, SW can be collected and utilized straightforwardly, dissimilar to squanders from food crops whose accessibility relies upon the wealth of the food crop itself and after handling the harvest. As a result, SW appears to be a less expensive cellulose source. The chemical composition of SW was found to be 25– 40 percent cellulose in a preliminary study [5]. This indicates that it is an excellent biomass for the production of CNSs and has additional commercial value in waste management.

We report the isolation of cellulose from the toxic SW, the acid hydrolysis of the isolated cellulose into nanocrystals, and the characterization of the prepared CNSs in this study.

The continuum of plant competition for resources, such as light, soil nutrients, and water, can be positioned from completely symmetric, in which all plants share the resources equally regardless of their sizes, to size-symmetric, in which plants obtain resources in proportion to their sizes, and finally, completely asymmetric competition, in which all plants compete for resources equally. The majority of the time, competition between plants in natural or semi-natural plant communities is partially size-asymmetric (larger plants obtain disproportionately more resources than their smaller neighbors). The nature of the limiting resources for which plants compete is primarily what determines the degree of size asymmetry [6]. For instance, the three-dimensional competition between plants for soil resources is typically size-symmetric. Conversely, light is directionally provided to plants, so bigger, taller plants diminish the light accessible to more modest, more limited neighbors, in this way bringing about a sizelopsided upper hand. When soil nutrients and water are abundant, size-asymmetric competition increases, and light becomes the most limited resource for plants.

Materials and Strategies

1. List of supplies

Stems of SW were obtained from open, bushy farmlands in an estate in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria, along the Federal Polytechnic Road [7]. The following substances were utilized: glacial acetic acid, sulphuric acid, and ethanol (JHD), sodium hydroxide (BDH), and sodium chlorite (Molychem).

CNC Preparation

1. Confinement of artificially cleansed cellulose (CPC)

Stems of SW were gathered, dried, pummeled, and sieved over a 0.8 μm network size strainer. The pounded test was from that point exposed to synthetic treatment for sanitization and disconnection of cellulose for certain changes from past reports. First, extractives were removed using Soxhlet extraction in ethanol for eight hours. After treating the extractive-free sample (10 g) with 25 g of sodium chlorite and 7.5 mL of acetic acid in 500 mL of hot distilled water and stirring for one hour at 70 °C, the same amount of sodium chlorite and acetic acid was added, stirred for one hour, and the process was repeated until a white-colored holocellulose was produced. The blend was sifted and washed with around 800 mL refined water until the pH was 7 and afterward broiler dried at 105 °C for 3 h. The subsequent material, holocellulose (whitish in variety), is made out of hemicellulose and cellulose. The method was rehashed until a 50 g without extractive example was dyed [8]. The bleached sample (15 g) was reacted with a 20 percent NaOH solution in a ratio of 1:20 at 90 °C for 90 minutes. After that, the mixture was allowed to cool, filtered, washed to pH 7.7, and oven dried for 3 hours at 105 °C. This dried product is known as chemically purified cellulose– Siam weed (CPC-SW). Gravimetric analysis was used to determine the percentage yield of CPC-SW

2. CNCs' preparation

Under vigorous stirring, CPC (9 g) was treated for 60 minutes at 45 °C with 65 wt percent sulphuric acid (cellulose to acid ratio 1:20) [9- 15]. The reaction was stopped by centrifuging the hydrolyzed cellulose for 30 minutes at 3000 rpm for about 600 milliliters of chilled distilled water. After centrifugation, the aliquot was dialyzed against distilled water for two weeks until it reached neutrality, and then it was sonicated for thirty minutes in an ice bath. cellulose nanocrystals (CNC-SW) powder was produced by freeze-drying the resulting suspension.

SW and its CNC Characteristics

1. Analyses of the various chemicals

The substance of extractives, holocellulose, and cellulose present in the SW were determined utilizing the Specialized Relationship of Mash and Paper Industry (TAPPI) norms: T203 OS-74, T204 om- 97, and T19m-54 The contrast among holocellulose and cellulose decides the hemicellulose content [10]. The lignin content was resolved gravimetrically expecting that extractives, hemicellulose, and cellulose are the main parts of the whole SW.

2. Thermo-gravimetric examination (TGA)

The warm corruption and deterioration conduct of the crude SW and its CNCs was seen with a Thermo-gravimetric Analyser (PerkinElmer, Llantrisant, Ridges, UK) under a nonstop nitrogen gas stream. 5.8 mg of the sample was placed in an aluminum pan and heated at a heating rate of 10 °C/min in a nitrogen atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 30 to 900 °C.

3. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis

A single reflection diamond MIRTGS detector (PerkinElmer spectrum 100, Llantrisant, Wales, United Kingdom) was used to record the samples' FTIR in transmittance mode [9]. The analysis used wavenumbers ranging from 650 to 4000 cm-1, 64 scans per spectrum, and a resolution of 4 cm-1.

4. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis

A Rigaku 600 X-ray Diffractometer from Japan that was outfitted with Cu-K radiation was used to measure the crystalline structures of SW and CNCs (1.54056 Ao) [11]. The boundaries used to get the diffractogram are filtered pivot = theta/2-theta check scope of 0-90°, examine step of 0.1, and an output speed of 2.0°/min. 40 kV and 15 mA were set as the voltage and current, respectively.

5. Electron microscopy by scanning

In order to investigate the CNC-SW and SW morphology. Using a scanning electron microscope (SIGMA VP, ZEISS Electron Microscopy, Carl Zeiss Microscopy Ltd;), the sample was sputtercoated with both palladium and gold for four minutes at 20 kV on an aluminum specimen stub covered with a double-sided carbon adhesive disc. UK: Cambridge).

6. Transmission electron microscopy

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was used to confirm the nanoparticles' morphology and size (FEI Tecnai T12 TEM, 60–120 kV, Hillsboro, OR, USA) [12-19]. Before performing TEM analyses, 1 mg of CNC-SW powder was mixed with double deionized water, dropped onto a Form Var® coated 200-mesh copper grip from TAAB Labs Equipment Ltd. in Aldermaston, England, and allowed to dry at room temperature.

7. Dynamic light dissipating estimation

The hydrodynamic size and zeta potential of CNC-SW were assessed with a Zetasizer Nano ZS from Malvern Instruments in Worcestershire, UK. Test (1 mg) was scattered in 2 mL multiplied deionized water and sonicated for 30 s prior to being moved into polystyrene cuvettes to gauge the typical molecule size recorded at room temperature [13-21].

Conclusion

The ubiquitous, persistent, and invasive Siam weed, which poses a threat to our environment's agricultural production and livestock, was successfully isolated, yielding a good yield of 40%. More cellulose has been isolated from this material than from many other non-woody sources. CNC was made by acid hydrolysis from isolated cellulose and structurally confirmed by FTIR. Nitrocellulose outperforms the weed when it comes to crystallinity and thermal stability, according to thermogravimetric and microscopic analyses of the CNC. According to the literature, this is typical of a CNC that is well-isolated. Morphological portrayal with SEM and TEM and molecule size appropriation estimation through DLS uncovered that the nanocellulose arranged are consistently circulated circularly molded nanocrystals with a typical hydrodynamic size of 213 nm and are adversely charged at −9.57 mV. Moreover, a greener dissolvable (ethanol) was utilized as a substitute for the ethanol-cyclohexane combination as well as benzene in the expulsion of extractives from the biomass. This makes it possible to use biomass as a cheaper, safer, and cleaner pretreatment method. As a result, this report's extraction method is both environmentally friendly and a hands-on experimental approach to the synthesis of nanocellulose. The prepared CNC is currently being used for water purification and environmental remediation.

Our review gives new data about how crop thickness, spatial examples, and soil water cooperated to impact weed concealment and grain yield in semi-dry croplands. We discovered that increased crop density and spatial uniformity effectively stifled weed growth. In comparison to crop rows, the uniform pattern had a greater impact on grain yield and weed suppression due to crop density. Crop density influenced weed biomass and grain yield through interaction with cultivar, suggesting that distinct traits that determine a crop's competitive ability under various agronomic conditions may be at play here. Water system and harvest thickness additively affected weed biomass yet associated to impact grain yield. Weed control in semi-arid wheat production can benefit from increased crop density and spatial uniformity, which can reduce the need for chemical or mechanical weed control, according to our findings. Further exploration is expected to test how associations among agribusiness the board (e.g., planting thickness, spatial example, and water system), natural circumstances (e.g., aridity), and harvest genotype impact weed concealment and grain yield, so we can foster high-yielding, harmless to the ecosystem, weed-smothering editing frameworks.

Acknowledgement

None

Conflict of Interest

None

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