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Multiple sclerosis (MS); Diagnosis; Management; Neurologists; Pathophysiology; Demyelination; Inflammation; Axonal damage; Neuroimaging; Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Introduction

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifaceted autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system that continues to challenge neurologists worldwide. With its characteristic features of demyelination, inflammation, and axonal damage, MS manifests in a diverse array of clinical presentations and courses, making it a complex neurological condition to diagnose and manage. Over the past few decades, substantial progress has been made in unraveling the intricacies of MS, leading to significant advancements in both diagnosis and management [1]. This introduction provides a glimpse into the current state of knowledge surrounding MS, with a focus on recent updates and their implications for general neurologists. As the front-line healthcare providers for many MS patients, neurologists play a pivotal role in early detection, timely intervention, and the ongoing management of the disease [2]. Staying abreast of the latest developments in MS research is crucial for optimizing patient care and enhancing clinical outcomes. In the subsequent sections, we delve into the key aspects of MS diagnosis and management, highlighting the role of advanced neuroimaging, evolving diagnostic criteria, the expanding array of disease-modifying therapies, personalized treatment approaches, symptomatic management, and the promise of emerging therapies targeting neuroprotection and remyelination [3 ]. By elucidating these facets, this review aims to equip general neurologists with the knowledge necessary to navigate the complexities of MS, ultimately leading to improved patient care and a better quality of life for those affected by this challenging condition. The therapeutic landscape for MS has also evolved rapidly. Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) remain the cornerstone of MS management, offering a growing spectrum of options, including oral, injectable, and infusion-based medications. Personalized treatment plans, guided by factors such as disease activity, patient preferences, and potential side effects, have become central in optimizing the management of MS patients. Furthermore, the focus on symptomatic management and rehabilitation strategies has expanded, recognizing the importance of enhancing the quality of life for individuals living with MS. Emerging therapies that target neuroprotection and remyelination present promising avenues for addressing the long-term disability associated with the disease [4]. In light of these developments, this review aims to provide general neurologists with a concise overview of the current updates in the diagnosis and management of MS. By keeping abreast of these advancements, neurologists can better serve their patients, facilitating early intervention and the delivery of personalized care plans. As MS continues to pose a significant challenge to both patients and healthcare providers, a comprehensive understanding of the latest diagnostic and therapeutic strategies is essential for improving patient outcomes and minimizing the burden of this chronic neurological condition. This review provides a detailed update on the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment advances, and major ongoing research investigations in MS. It is a major cause of global neurological disability, and its prevalence has increased in the United States. Conceptual understandings of MS have evolved over time, including the identification of B cells as key factors in its pathophysiology. The foundation of MS management involves preventing flares so as to avoid long-term functional decline [5]. The field of multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosis and management has witnessed significant advancements in recent years, providing general neurologists with an ever-evolving landscape of tools and strategies to better care for their patients. These updates have not only improved our understanding of the disease but also the quality of life for individuals living with MS [6-8].

Conclusion

In conclusion, the diagnosis and management of multiple sclerosis have evolved rapidly in recent years, offering a brighter outlook for individuals affected by this condition. By embracing these advancements and maintaining a patient-centered approach, general neurologists can contribute to improved outcomes and the well-being of their MS patients. From a diagnostic standpoint, the utilization of advanced neuroimaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the incorporation of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, has revolutionized the early detection and differentiation of MS from other demyelinating disorders. Additionally, the updated McDonald criteria have increased the sensitivity and specificity of MS diagnosis, aiding neurologists in providing timely interventions and personalized treatment plans. On the front of management, the availability of a wider array of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) has enabled neurologists to tailor treatment strategies to the individual needs of their patients. The advent of oral and highly effective DMTs has offered new options for patients and minimized the treatment burden associated with traditional injectable therapies. Moreover, the emphasis on early intervention and the development of treatment escalation strategies have the potential to alter the disease course and improve long-term outcomes. Furthermore, the growing recognition of the importance of comprehensive care in MS management has prompted general neurologists to take a holistic approach, addressing not only diseasemodifying therapies but also symptomatic management, rehabilitation, and psychological support. This approach aims to enhance the overall well-being and quality of life of MS patients.

Acknowledgment

None

Conflict of Interest

None

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