黑料网

Dental caries; Tooth decay; Streptococcus mutans; Enamel demineralization; Fluoride; Oral microbiome; Prevention; Restorative dentistry; Early childhood caries (ECC); Biofilm; Dental health

Dental caries, commonly referred to as cavities or tooth decay, is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide [1]. This disease results from a process that progressively damages tooth structure, often leading to pain, infection, and, if untreated, tooth loss [2]. Affecting children and adults, dental caries has significant implications for overall health and quality of life.

Dental caries, commonly known as tooth decay or cavities, is one of the most prevalent and persistent oral health challenges worldwide, affecting individuals of all ages and socioeconomic backgrounds [3]. This chronic infectious disease occurs due to the demineralization of the tooth structure, primarily caused by bacterial activity within the oral cavity. It leads to the breakdown of the tooth’s hard tissues, including enamel and dentin, eventually creating lesions or cavities [4]. The main bacterial culprit responsible for this process is Streptococcus mutans, along with other acidogenic bacteria, which thrive on fermentable carbohydrates, particularly sugars. When these bacteria metabolize sugars, they produce acids as by-products, which lower the pH in the mouth, resulting in enamel erosion and demineralization of tooth structure [5]. The causes of dental caries are multifactorial, involving complex interactions between dietary habits, oral hygiene practices, genetic predispositions, and the host’s saliva composition and flow rate [6]. Social determinants, including income, education, and access to dental care, also significantly influence caries risk. Despite significant advancements in dental technology and preventive care, dental caries continues to be a major public health concern due to its high prevalence and associated health complications [7]. If left untreated, caries can progress to involve the deeper structures of the tooth, leading to pain, infection, and even tooth loss, which can compromise an individual’s ability to eat, speak, and maintain proper nutrition [8].

The importance of addressing dental caries extends beyond oral health, as the condition can have systemic effects. Research indicates a link between poor oral health and chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and respiratory infections [9]. Dental caries also poses a significant economic burden, with the costs of treatment and lost productivity from oral diseases amounting to billions of dollars annually. As such, caries prevention and management have become key areas of focus in public health, aiming to reduce the incidence and impact of this disease through better education, early diagnosis, and intervention [10].

The management of dental caries has evolved significantly, with contemporary approaches moving from restorative interventions to preventive and minimally invasive techniques. Preventive strategies, such as fluoride application, dental sealants, and patient education on diet and oral hygiene, are proving effective in reducing caries incidence. Additionally, ongoing research into biofilm control, antimicrobial agents, and remineralization therapies is reshaping caries management, offering promising alternatives to traditional drilling and filling. With an emphasis on holistic and preventive dental care, understanding the complexities of caries etiology, progression, and prevention is essential for improving oral and overall health outcomes.

Causes of dental caries

Dental caries are areas of decay in the hard tissues of teeth, particularly the enamel (outer layer) and dentin (inner layer). The decay process is primarily due to bacterial action, which produces acids that demineralize and erode these protective layers of teeth. When enamel breaks down, cavities form, exposing the sensitive inner tooth layers and creating pathways for bacterial invasion, leading to further infection and decay.

The development of dental caries is complex and influenced by multiple factors, including:

The main culprits in the decay process are certain types of bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. These bacteria metabolize sugars in the diet, producing acids as a byproduct that can erode the tooth enamel.

Foods high in sugars and refined carbohydrates feed bacteria in the mouth. When these foods linger on the teeth, bacteria thrive and produce more acid, leading to accelerated decay.

Inadequate brushing and flossing allow plaque—a sticky film containing bacteria—to accumulate on teeth. Without regular cleaning, plaque builds up, and its acidic byproducts increase the risk of dental caries.

The shape and structure of teeth also influence caries risk. Teeth with deep grooves, pits, and fissures are more susceptible to trapping food particles and harboring bacteria.

Saliva helps neutralize acids and remineralize teeth, but some people have reduced saliva flow (xerostomia) due to medication, medical conditions, or aging. Without sufficient saliva, teeth are more prone to decay.

Fluoride helps strengthen enamel, making it more resistant to acid attacks. Lack of fluoride, either in drinking water or in toothpaste, can increase susceptibility to dental caries.

Access to dental care, health education, and socioeconomic conditions also play a role in caries risk. People with limited access to dental care and oral health education are generally at a higher risk.

Symptoms of dental caries

Symptoms of dental caries depend on the stage of the decay, with some being noticeable early on and others appearing in more advanced stages. Common symptoms include:

• Early-stage caries may cause sensitivity to hot, cold, or sugary foods.
• Dark spots, holes, or pits on the tooth surface may indicate areas of decay.
• Pain may be mild in early stages but can become intense when decay reaches the pulp.
• Advanced decay can lead to unpleasant breath or taste.
• Severe cases may lead to swelling, pus, and gum inflammation around the affected tooth.

Result

Dental caries, commonly known as tooth decay or cavities, is a widespread oral health issue caused by the destruction of tooth enamel due to acid production. This acid is produced by bacteria, primarily Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli, which thrive on sugar and carbohydrates left on the teeth. Poor oral hygiene, a high-sugar diet, and inadequate fluoride exposure increase the risk of caries.

Symptoms of dental caries vary depending on its severity. Early-stage caries may be asymptomatic, but as decay progresses, symptoms include tooth sensitivity, visible holes, dark spots, or pain when chewing or consuming hot, cold, or sweet foods. Untreated caries can lead to infection, abscesses, and even tooth loss. Prevention is key to managing dental caries. Regular brushing with fluoride toothpaste, flossing, limiting sugary foods and drinks, and routine dental checkups can significantly reduce the risk. Applying dental sealants and ensuring a balanced diet with sufficient calcium and vitamin D also promote oral health. Treatment depends on the stage of caries. Early decay can sometimes be reversed with fluoride treatments. Advanced cases may require fillings, crowns, or root canal therapy. In severe instances, tooth extraction may be necessary. Prompt attention helps prevent complications and maintains long-term oral health.

Discussion

Dental caries, commonly known as cavities, is a prevalent oral health issue caused by the demineralization of tooth enamel due to acid production by bacteria. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species play a primary role, thriving on dietary sugars to produce acids that erode enamel. Poor oral hygiene, frequent sugar consumption, and lack of fluoride exposure significantly increase the risk of caries.

Symptoms of dental caries progress from sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet foods to visible discoloration, tooth pain, and, in severe cases, infection or abscess formation. Early detection is critical to prevent complications and preserve tooth structure.

Preventive strategies include maintaining proper oral hygiene through regular brushing with fluoride toothpaste and flossing, as well as reducing sugar intake. Fluoridation of water and the application of dental sealants also effectively reduce the incidence of caries. Regular dental check-ups enable early diagnosis and treatment, which is less invasive and more cost-effective.

Treatment of dental caries depends on its severity. Early-stage caries can often be reversed with fluoride applications and dietary modifications, while more advanced cases require restorative procedures, such as fillings, crowns, or root canals. A comprehensive approach combining prevention and timely intervention is vital for managing dental caries and ensuring long-term oral health.

Conclusion

Dental caries are preventable and manageable, especially with early intervention and consistent oral hygiene. While they remain widespread, increased awareness, access to fluoride, and better dietary habits have contributed to a decline in caries prevalence in some parts of the world. Regular dental care, coupled with healthy lifestyle choices, can help people maintain strong teeth and avoid the discomfort and complications associated with this common condition. dental caries remains a prevalent and complex oral health issue with far-reaching impacts on both individual and public health levels. This disease reflects an intricate balance of biological, behavioral, environmental, and socioeconomic factors, necessitating a multifaceted approach to prevention and management. Advances in dental science and public health initiatives have made significant strides in combating caries, emphasizing the value of preventive care, early intervention, and patient education. Effective strategies, such as fluoridation, dietary modifications, and the application of dental sealants, have proven successful in reducing caries incidence and improving oral health.

As we move towards a more comprehensive understanding of the connection between oral health and overall health, tackling dental caries becomes more crucial than ever. By prioritizing prevention, fostering community education, and enhancing dental care accessibility, we can work towards a future where dental caries is no longer a pervasive health issue. Ultimately, the ongoing fight against dental caries will require sustained effort, interdisciplinary collaboration, and commitment to creating healthier, cavity-free communities.

1. Ji LC, Chen S, Piao W, Hong CY, Li JL, et al. (2022) Biomed Environ Sci 35: 146-150.

, , Crossref

2. Blomgran R, Desvignes L, Briken V (2021) Cell Host Microbe 11: 81-90

, , Crossref

3. Cohen NB, Gern MN, Delahaye JN (2018) Cell Host Microbe 24: 439-446.

, , Crossref

4. Corleis B, Dorhoi A (2019) Immunol Lett 221: 56-60.

, , Crossref

5. Conradie F, Diacon AF, Ngubane H, Howell L (2020). N Engl J Med 382: 893-902.

, , Crossref

6. Dorman VB, Nahid B, Kurbatova MK (2012)Four-month rifapentine regimens with or without moxifloxacin for tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 384: 1705-1718.

, , Crossref

7. Gannon AD, Darch SE (2021) mBio 12: 01217-01220.

, , Crossref

8. Pavlik I, Ulmann V, Falkinham JO (2022) Microorganisms 10: 1516.

, , Crossref

9. Lee Y, Lee NJ (2022) J Korean Med Sci 36: e174.

, , Crossref

10. Ernst JN (2012) Nat Rev Immunol 12: 581-591.

, , Crossref