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Polymeric DNA; Materials science; Polymers

Introduction

The double helix structure of DNA, discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, is one of the most iconic and influential scientific breakthroughs in history. DNA’s role as the carrier of genetic information within living organisms has captivated scientists for decades. However, the unique properties of DNA have also inspired researchers to explore its potential in materials science and nanotechnology. This exploration has led to the development of DNA-based polymers, which combine the self-assembly capabilities and programmability of DNA with the versatility of synthetic polymers [1-3]. These remarkable materials hold great promise in various fields, from nanotechnology to medicine, offering opportunities for precise control over structure and function.

Self-assembly of DNA-based polymers

The self-assembly properties of DNA play a crucial role in the formation of DNA-based polymers. Through complementary base pairing, DNA strands can recognize and bind to specific sequences, forming stable structures. By manipulating the sequence and arrangement of DNA strands, scientists can engineer complex architectures with nanometer precision. This ability to self-assemble into well-defined nanostructures opens doors to a wide range of applications [4].

Nanotechnology applications

In the field of nanotechnology, DNA-based polymers have emerged as versatile building blocks for creating functional nanostructures [5]. The programmability and self-assembly properties of DNA allow for precise control over the arrangement of nanoparticles, molecules, and other components. This control enables the design of nanoscale scaffolds, nanodevices, and molecular sensors. One notable example is DNA origami, a technique that uses a long single-stranded DNA molecule as a scaffold to fold shorter DNA strands into specific shapes. Through this approach, scientists have created nanostructures with incredible complexity, including two- and three-dimensional shapes, nanoboxes, and nanorobots. These DNA origami structures serve as templates for precise positioning of various functional components, such as nanoparticles, enzymes, and fluorescent dyes, opening possibilities for applications in nanoelectronics, plasmonics, and biosensing [6-8]. DNA-based polymers are also being explored for their potential in creating nanoscale devices for drug delivery. By functionalizing DNA strands with targeting molecules and therapeutic agents, researchers can design DNA-based carriers that selectively deliver drugs to specific cells or tissues. The self-assembly properties of DNA enable the formation of stable nanostructures that can encapsulate drugs, protecting them until they reach the desired target. Additionally, the programmability of DNA allows for the incorporation of stimuli-responsive elements, enabling triggered release of the encapsulated drugs at specific sites within the body[9,10] .

Medical applications

The biomedical field is another area where DNA-based polymers hold tremendous promise.Their biocompatibility, programmability, and ability to interact with biological molecules make them attractive candidates for various applications, including drug delivery, biosensing, and tissue engineering.

One of the primary challenges in drug delivery is achieving targeted and controlled release of therapeutic agents. DNA-based polymers offer a potential solution by enabling the design of carriers.

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