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Niche construction; Socio-political engagement; Lowcarbon technologies; Comparative study; Sustainable transitions; Stakeholder dynamics

Introduction

The global imperative to combat climate change has spurred widespread interest and investment in low-carbon technologies as key components of sustainable development strategies. However, the successful integration of these technologies into mainstream markets is not solely dependent on technological innovation; it is intricately linked to socio-political dynamics, institutional frameworks, and stakeholder engagement [1]. This paper embarks on a comparative analysis of six distinct low-carbon technology cases to examine the role of socio-political engagement in empowering niche construction and driving sustainable transitions. Niche construction as conceptualized in transition studies, refers to the process through which new technologies, practices, or innovations gradually gain traction within specific socio-economic contexts, eventually challenging and transforming incumbent systems. Central to this process is the active involvement of various actors, including entrepreneurs, policymakers, consumers, and civil society organizations, who collectively shape the trajectory of niche development. Socio-political engagement, encompassing a range of activities such as advocacy, lobbying, community organizing, and stakeholder collaboration, plays a critical role in catalyzing and sustaining niche construction efforts [2].

Case Study 1: Solar photovoltaic (PV)

The journey of solar photovoltaics (PV) from a niche technology to a mainstream energy source epitomizes the transformative power of socio-political engagement. Grassroots activism, policy advocacy, and strategic alliances with environmental organizations have played instrumental roles in overcoming market barriers and fostering the growth of the solar PV industry. By championing renewable energy policies, incentivizing investment in solar infrastructure, and raising public awareness about the benefits of solar energy, stakeholders have reshaped the energy landscape and paved the way for broader adoption of PV technology [3].

Case Study 2: Electric vehicles (EVs)

Electric vehicles (EVs) represent another compelling case study of niche construction empowered by socio-political engagement. Through a combination of regulatory mandates, financial incentives, and publicprivate partnerships, EV stakeholders have catalyzed the transition towards sustainable transportation. By addressing infrastructure gaps, alleviating range anxiety, and promoting consumer education, policymakers and industry actors have successfully mainstreamed EV adoption, positioning it as a viable alternative to traditional combustion engine vehicles [4].

Case Study 3: Wind energy

The niche construction of wind energy underscores the complex interplay between technological innovation, regulatory frameworks, and community engagement. Across diverse geographical contexts, wind power projects have faced varying degrees of public acceptance and regulatory scrutiny. Through community outreach, stakeholder consultation, and participatory decision-making processes, proponents of wind energy have navigated socio-political challenges and secured support for renewable energy development. By fostering local ownership and economic benefits, wind energy projects have gained traction as sustainable solutions to meet growing energy demands [5].

Case Study 4: Biomass energy

Biomass energy presents a nuanced case study of niche construction fraught with socio-political controversies and environmental concerns. Despite its potential as a renewable fuel source, biomass energy has encountered opposition due to issues such as land use competition, carbon emissions, and sustainability criteria. Through transparent governance mechanisms, stakeholder dialogue, and sustainability certifications, biomass stakeholders strive to address these challenges and ensure responsible biomass utilization. By fostering greater accountability and environmental stewardship, biomass energy can play a constructive role in the transition to a low-carbon future [6].

Case Study 5: Hydrogen fuel cells

Hydrogen fuel cells offer a promising pathway towards decarbonizing sectors such as transportation and industry. However, the niche construction of hydrogen economies is fraught with technological, economic, and socio-political challenges. Despite significant advancements in fuel cell technology, hydrogen infrastructure development remains hindered by high costs, regulatory barriers, and public skepticism. Through sustained policy support, public-private partnerships, and cross-sectoral collaboration, stakeholders seek to overcome these barriers and unlock the full potential of hydrogen as a clean energy carrier. By fostering innovation and investment in hydrogen infrastructure, governments and industry actors can accelerate the transition towards a hydrogen-based economy [7].

Case Study 6: Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy holds immense potential as a reliable and renewable source of heat and power. However, the niche construction of geothermal projects is contingent upon geological feasibility, regulatory frameworks, and community acceptance. From geothermal heat pumps in residential buildings to utility-scale geothermal power plants, stakeholders navigate complex permitting processes, technical challenges, and socio-political dynamics. By fostering inclusive decision-making processes, mitigating environmental risks, and promoting stakeholder engagement, the geothermal industry can overcome barriers to growth and emerge as a key player in the transition to clean energy [8].

Discussion

Our comparative study of six low-carbon technology cases provides valuable insights into the complex interplay between sociopolitical engagement and niche construction. Through an analysis of solar photovoltaics (PV), electric vehicles (EVs), wind energy, biomass energy, hydrogen fuel cells, and geothermal energy, we have elucidated the diverse strategies, challenges, and outcomes associated with the adoption and diffusion of sustainable technologies. The six lowcarbon technology cases selected for this comparative study represent diverse sectors and geographical contexts, offering valuable insights into the multifaceted strategies and challenges associated with niche development. From solar photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicles (EVs) to wind energy, biomass energy, hydrogen fuel cells, and geothermal energy, each case presents unique opportunities and obstacles shaped by socio-political dynamics [9]. By examining these cases through a comparative lens, we aim to elucidate the commonalities, differences, and lessons learned that can inform efforts to foster sustainable transitions in the broader energy landscape. Through an interdisciplinary approach drawing on insights from transition studies, political science, economics, and environmental sociology, this paper seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of the socio-political dimensions of low-carbon technology adoption. By highlighting the importance of stakeholder engagement, policy advocacy, and collaborative governance in empowering niche construction, we hope to provide actionable recommendations for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and civil society actors seeking to accelerate the transition towards a more sustainable future [10].

Conclusion

Across solar photovoltaics (PV), electric vehicles (EVs), wind energy, biomass energy, hydrogen fuel cells, and geothermal energy, we have observed the multifaceted strategies andnbs challenges associated with niche development in different socio-economic contexts. Our analysis underscores the importance of stakeholder collaboration, policy advocacy, and inclusive governance mechanisms in overcoming barriers to adoption and diffusion of low-carbon technologies. From grassroots activism mobilizing support for renewable energy policies to public-private partnerships facilitating investment in infrastructure, socio-political engagement has been instrumental in reshaping the energy landscape and accelerating the transition towards sustainability.

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