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The most deadly and aggressive type of primary brain tumor is called Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), which has a median survival of only 15 months in spite of aggressive treatment methods like radiation, chemotherapy and surgery. The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB), GBM's heterogeneity and its capacity to invade neighboring brain tissue all reduce the efficacy of traditional therapy. Chemotherapy given by nanoparticles has shown promise in overcoming these challenges. This paper assesses the viability of using chemotherapy delivered by nanoparticle-based delivery systems to treat GBM. It does so by looking at the mechanisms, benefits, clinical uses and potential future developments of these systems.

Nanoparticles can be created to maximize the delivery of chemotherapeutic medicines to tumor cells while limiting systemic toxicity. Typically, they range in size from 1 to 100 nanometers. Liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers and inorganic nanoparticles are some examples of these delivery systems. Targeted delivery, overcoming drug resistance and the Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) impact are the main ways that nanoparticles improve the delivery of chemotherapy. Nanoparticles can aggregate preferentially in the tumor microenvironment due to the EPR effect, which takes advantage of the leaky vasculature and poor lymphatic drainage of tumours. The drug's concentration within the tumor is increased by this passive targeting, which increases its effectiveness. To enable active targeting and improve drug delivery selectivity, nanoparticles can also be functionalized with ligands, which are tiny molecules, peptides, or antibodies that bind to receptors that are overexpressed on GBM cells. The ability of nanoparticle delivery technologies to get around the BBB is a major benefit as well. Many therapeutic treatments' ability to effectively treat GBM is limited by the BBB's restriction of their access into the brain. Targeting receptors on the BBB's endothelial cells with ligands, or temporarily disrupting the BBB using focused ultrasound or other methods, are some of the ways that nanoparticles can be engineered to pass the blood-brain barrier.

A number of preclinical and clinical investigations have shown the promise of chemotherapy given by nanoparticles for GBM. Liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) and liposomal irinotecan (Onivyde) are two examples of liposomal formulations that have demonstrated promise in improving drug delivery to GBM cells and lowering systemic toxicity. For example, it has been demonstrated that liposomal doxorubicin accumulates in GBM tissue more efficiently than free doxorubicin and this enhances anticancer efficacy in animal models. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based polymeric nanoparticles have been thoroughly researched for use in GBM treatment. Temozolomide, paclitaxel and cisplatin are just a few of the chemotherapeutic drugs that these nanoparticles have the ability to encapsulate and release selectively. Comparing PLGA nanoparticles loaded with paclitaxel to free paclitaxel, studies have demonstrated a considerable improvement in drug penetration into the brain and improved survival in animal models carrying GBM. Another possible method is to use dendrimers, which are polymers that resemble heavily branching trees. Targeting ligands and several medicinal molecules can connect to their multivalent surface. Preclinical investigations have revealed reduced toxicity and enhanced treatment efficacy for poly (amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers that are conjugated with methotrexate and targeted to transferrin receptors on GBM cells. Inorganic nanoparticles, like silica and gold nanoparticles, are also being investigated for the treatment of GBM. Using photothermal therapy, which involves localized heating brought on by near-infrared light, gold nanoparticles can both carry drugs and offer further therapeutic advantages by killing tumor cells. To improve delivery and efficacy, silica nanoparticles can be functionalized with different chemotherapeutic drugs and targeting ligands.

Finally, Chemotherapy administered by nanoparticles is a potentially effective new avenue for treating glioblastoma multiforme. Nanoparticles are superior to traditional chemotherapy because they improve medication delivery to the tumor location, cross the bloodbrain barrier and cause less systemic toxicity. Even if there are still difficulties with tumor heterogeneity, toxicity and manufacturing complexity, further research and technology developments should be able to solve these problems. Personalized strategies, combination therapies and integration with cutting-edge imaging and diagnostic procedures will shape the future of nanoparticle-based therapy for GBM, providing patients with this aggressive disease with hope for better results and longer life times.