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Prunus africana is a critically endangered medicinal plant, hence innovative propagation methods are urgently needed to boost its population. Unfortunately, because to its extended flowering cycle and resistant seeds, seed propagation is difficult. We created a micropropagation procedure employing nodal segment explants. The optimum rate (100 percent) of axillary shoot initiation was supported by a woody plant medium supplemented with vitamins, 15 g L1 sucrose, and 1.0 mg L1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). The best rate of root initiation (75%) was achieved using 15 g L1 sucrose and 1.5 mg L1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Following acclimatisation, rooted plantlets were successfully planted in sterilised horticulture soil containing perlite (2:1 v/v), with a survival rate of 98%. The photosynthetic rate measured with the FlourPen FP110 series revealed that the ratio of variable fluorescence to maximum fluorescence mean value for in vitro regenerated P. africana (0.830 0.0008) was similar to that of the maternal P. africana plant (0.825 0.005), indicating that their photosynthetic performance was similar [1]. The absorbance peaks at 8,273, 6,344, and 4,938–4,500 cm1 associated with lipids, starch, and proteins were homogeneous in the in vitro regenerated and maternal P. africana plant samples when analysed with a Fourier transform near-IR (FT-NIR) spectrometer. The randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) approach was used to confirm the genetic faithfulness of regenerated plants. Our methodology is suited for application in largescale P. africana production to fulfil increasing worldwide demand [2].

In this study, a tissue culture procedure for the significant medicinal herb Rungia pectinata L. was created. Explants were nodal shoots that had been surface-sterilized with a 0.1 percent HgCl2 solution. R. pectinata cultures were established on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. On MS media supplemented with 1.0 mg L1 6-benzylaminopurine, bud break was observed (BAP). With this medium combination, around 98 percent response was seen, with a maximum of 3.2 shoots per explant measuring 4.3 cm in length. MS media supplemented with 0.5 mg L1 each of BAP and kinetin (Kin) + 0.1 mg L1 indole-3 acetic acid was used to multiply the shoots further (IAA) [3]. The maximum number of shoots per explant was 13.2, with a length of 5.2 cm. On half strength MS media enriched with 2.0 mg L1 indole-3 butyric acid, all the shoots were rooted (4.9 roots per shoot, 3.5 cm length) (IBA). On half strength MS media supplemented with the same quantities and combinations of growth regulators used for shoot multiplication under a 12/12 hr light/dark photoperiod, in vitro blooming was induced from shoots. The plantlets were toughened for two months in the greenhouse before being transplanted to the field. During the in vitro cultivation of shoots, foliar micromorphological analyses revealed developmental changes in stomata, vein density, and trichomes [4].

Because of its many applications, demand for virus-free hop planting material has surged in recent years. The goal of this work was to develop an effective technique for clonal propagation of cv. Cascade using just cytokinins as PGRs throughout the micropropagation process: I in vitro multiplication of multinodal shoots on MSm medium gelled with Plant agar and supplemented with different types and concentrations of cytokinins: 2 mg L1 kinetin (KIN), 0.7 mg L1 1-(2-Chloro-4-pyridyl)-3-phenylurea) (1 CPPU), 2 mg L1 metatopoline (mT), and 0.5 mg L1 BA, which was the best variant for shoot proliferation (9.48 0.78 shoots/explant); and (ii) rooting and acclimatisation, with the best results obtained by ex vitro rooting and ac Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Start Codon Target Polymorphism (SCoT) molecular markers were used to assess the true-to-type character of in vitro produced plants with the mother plant, and then their genetic uniformity was confirmed [5].

1. Achakzai A, Achakzai P, Masood A, Ali KS, Bakhsh TR (2009) . Pak J Bot 41: 2129-2135.

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2. Bertamini M, Nedunchezhian N (2002) . J Plant Physiol 159: 799-803.

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3. Bodeker G, Klooster CV, Weisbord E (2014) . J Altern Complement Med 20: 810-822.

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4. Coste S, Baraloto C, Leroy C, Marcon E, Amélie R, et al. (2010) . Ann For Sci 67: 607.

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5. Cunningham AB, Anoncho VF, Sunderland T (2016) . J Enthnopharmacol 178: 323-333.

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