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Bioremediation; Pollution; Oil Spill; Sorption; Sawdust

Introduction

One of the worst environmental problems is oil spills. To assist counteract the effects of oil spills and to aid in their prevention, efforts were made [1-5]. Evaporation, burying, and dispersion are three technologies utilised for contamination remediation. Several oil adsorbents are thought to be a frequent method for collecting oil spill. The use of polymer oil absorbent has some downsides, including high cost, secondary contamination, and environmental harm. As a result, biodegradables are currently receiving a lot of attention in the production of oil sorbents in place of conventional polymers. Due to its characteristics of being inexpensive, environmentally benign, and low density, sawdust is regarded as a reasonably dominant material among all types of adsorbents. On the other side, the dangerous materials were degraded using microbes. With bioremediation, pollutants become less hazardous. Oil spill treatment has benefited greatly from microbial remediation. The advantage of microbial remediation over traditional methods, which have relied on human effort, is that it is both inexpensive and very effective without causing secondary contamination. Surfactants have long been used widely. Employed for a variety of purposes in numerous chemical-based businesses. As emulsifiers and oil recovery agents, biological surface active chemicals have recently attracted a lot of attention. These bioactive substances exhibit great environmental harmony, high efficiency, high selectivity, and specific performance under challenging circumstances. All of these benefits create a possible possibility for biosurfactants to replace chemical ones and to open up new markets for various applications including the production of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food products. The effectiveness of employing sawdust based on fatty acids to clean up oil spills was assessed in the current investigation. The ability of pure and mixed bacterial cultures obtained from oil-contaminated water and soil samples to degrade crude oil was discussed. Moreover, enhancing bioremediation through the use of chosen bacterial cultures, prepared biosurfactants, and study was done on fatty sawdust One Egyptian oil business provided the Arabian medium crude oil used in this investigation. Their attributes are listed. samples of the soil and water were taken from By using the IP190 capillary stoppered konometer method, the density of the crude oil was ascertained. The ASTM D445-IP71 glass capillary viscometer method and the ASTM D9-IP 15 methods were used to determine the kinematic viscosity and pour point, respectively. The ASTM-D1551 and IP 63 procedures used the quartz tube method to determine the sulphur concentration. UOP 46*85 was used to determine wax content. The molecular weight was calculated using ASTM-D 2505. The ASTM D524-IP 14 Rams bottom carbon residue method was used to calculate the amount of carbon residue present. Using the IP procedure, oil was DE asphalted. the resulting maltene is separated into liquid column chromatography was used for the analysis of its constituent parts. Agilent 6890 plus was used to extract the saturates fraction from the crude oil, analyse it chromatographically, and keep track of it. During the initial monitoring, it was evident that the additional sorbent on the surface had absorbed the upper phase of the crude oil. By spreading an oil-loaded layer over the water's surface, the sorption capacity was reached to its maximum. The outcomes demonstrated that the FSD sorbent's modified surface significantly enhanced oil sorption. Because SD has a high fat content, a non-polar organic compound was created, and the hydrophobic fatty acid sites in this compound produce a lyophilic organic phase. The high sorbent content of FSD was where the oil sorption capacity was discovered. Otherwise, oil content has a direct impact on the rate of oil adsorption. When there is high oil content, oil covers the whole surface of the sorbent, causing full sorption to occur quickly and free oil to be released onto the water's surface.

Discussion

The treatment of oil spills utilising weights of modified lignocellulose sawdust is the topic of the current paper. On the surface of the sawdust, crude oil sorption was discussed. In Saryaqos, Al-kanakah, and Mustorud, Egypt, 19 crude oil-degrading bacterial isolates were isolated from an oil-polluted environment [6-10]. On crude oil hydrocarbons, four bacterial species displayed the predominated growth rate. The impact of sawdust weight on the bacterial breakdown of the crude oil sample was examined. After 5 days, the biodegradation potential was assessed. After 5 days of biological treatment, a total of 65 to 80% of the oil had been eliminated from the microcosms. Gas Chromatographic examination of the crude oil still present in the culture medium revealed that isoparaffins degraded more quickly than n-paraffins. The increased weight of fatty sawdust at 0.5 g and BI1, BI4, and a bacterial consortium of four bacterial isolates individually in microcosms containing biosurfactants. The outcome demonstrates that these bacterial strains can be employed for bioremediation in oil-polluted areas utilising modified sawdust. One of the worst environmental problems is oil spills. To assist counteract the effects of oil spills and to aid in their prevention, efforts were made. Evaporation, burying, and dispersion are the technologies utilised for pollutant remediation. Several oil adsorbents are thought to be a popular method for collecting oil spill data. The use of polymer oil absorbent has some downsides, including high cost, secondary contamination, and environmental harm. Due to this, biodegradables are currently receiving the most attention in order to manufacture oil sorbents instead of using conventional polymers. Considering all types of adsorbents, sawdust is regarded as a reasonably dominant material due to its benefits of being inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and low-density. On the other side, the dangerous materials were degraded using microbes. With bioremediation, pollutants become less poisonous Oil spill treatment has benefited greatly from microbial remediation. The advantage of microbial remediation over traditional techniques, which have relied on human effort, is that it is both inexpensive and very effective without causing secondary contamination. Surfactants have been utilised for many years in a variety of sectors dependent on chemicals. As emulsifiers and oil recovery agents, biological surface active chemicals, or biosurfactants, have recently attracted a lot of attention. These bioactive substances perform with high specificity, high selectivity, and efficiency under adverse situations. With the help of all these benefits, biosurfactants may have the chance to replace chemical ones and expand into new markets for industries like those that produce food, medicine, and cosmetics. In the current study, the effectiveness of employing sawdust based on fatty acids for oil spill cleanup was assessed. It was studied how well pure and mixed bacterial cultures isolated from oil-contaminated water and soil samples degraded crude oil. Furthermore, the improvement of bioremediation the study included fatty-sawdust, biosurfactants, and. One Egyptian oil business provided the Arabian medium crude oil used in this investigation. These are described in detail. From Saryaqos, Al-kanakah, and Cairo Oil Refining Company, Mostorod, Kaliobeya, respectively, samples of soil and water were taken. Samples of unprocessed sawdust were taken at the El-Haj Sayed Emam Workshop in El-Obour, Egypt. With the help of the IP190 capillary stoppered konometer method, the density of the crude oil was ascertained. Based on the molecular mass of the cellulose monomer unit, a fine-sized sample of raw sawdust was reacted with oleic fatty acid in a quantitatively equivalent molar ratio using n-hexane as the solvent and a few drops of sulphuric acid to isolate the water. The mixture was refluxed at 65 °C for 4 hours [11-15].

Conclusion

The esterification percentage was determined after the reaction. was assessed on the surface of sawdust. The fatty-sawdust ester was cleaned with n-hexane after the reaction was finished, dried for 24 hours at 80 °C, and then kept for further use. For the serial dilution, 1 ml of water and 1 gramme of dirt were used. The diluted extract was added to 100 l of nutritional agar medium for bacterial isolate isolation and incubated. After five days, the leftover crude oil in the culture medium was extracted using liquid-liquid chemistry. The culture media was first acidified to pH 2 with carbon tetrachloride extraction, water was removed with anhydrous sodium sulphate, and the process was repeated. The weight of the oil sample, the proportion of biodegraded oil, and changes to its chemical makeup were determined. GC analysis was used to analyse During the initial monitoring, it was evident that the additional sorbent on the surface had absorbed the upper phase of the crude oil. By spreading an oil-loaded layer over the water's surface, the sorption capacity was reached to its maximum. The outcomes demonstrated that the FSD sorbent's modified surface significantly enhanced oil sorption. Because SD has a high fat content, a non-polar organic compound was created, and the hydrophobic fatty acid sites in this compound produce a lyophilic organic phase. The oil sorption capacity of FSD was found in the high sorbent content Otherwise; oil content has a direct impact on the rate of oil adsorption. When there is high oil content, oil covers the whole surface of the sorbent, causing full sorption to occur quickly and free oil to be released onto the water's surface. The oil sorption capacity increased as the oil/water ratio was raised to the maximum saturation point at a constant FSD concentration. Two bacterial isolates were found in a water sample, and two more were found in a soil sample. Four bacterial isolates were chosen for further investigation because they grew quickly on crude oil. The 16S rRNA gene sequences were amplified and sequenced in order to perform molecular identification on these bacteria. The outcomes indicated that the two isolated bacteria are, respectively, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus. Whereas BI2 and BI3 are members of the organisms Pseudomonas xanthoma Rina and Corynebacterium sp. According to literature searches, several species of Pseudomonas and Bacillus are frequent occupants of habitats that have been contaminated by petroleum. By emulsifying, solubilizing, and mobilising contaminants, the use of biosurfactants can improve the bioremediation process promoted low-molar mass. Hydrophobic organic substrates' surface area and bioavailability were increased by using biosurfactants, which were also utilised to control how microbes attached to and were removed from surfaces. In the current investigation, four bacterial strains (BI1-BI4) were cultivated on MSM media either collectively or individually. On this medium are In addition to solubilizing hydrocarbons, one of the physiological functions of biosurfactants is to promote bacterial adherence and subsequent surface colonisation. Adsorbed biosurfactants molecules cover solid substrates with a "conditioning layer" that has a strong attraction for microbial organisms. Moreover, biosurfactants molecules have the ability to completely saturate a bacterial cell wall, boost the hydrophobicity of the cell surface, and improve adhesion. The immobilisation of microorganisms on/in insoluble carriers’ sawdust substrate is frequently utilised in the current study to sustain the functional activity of microbial cells in industrial biotechnology, particularly in the biodegradation of crude oil. The biosurfactants were used as a hydrophobizing agent to enhance bacterial strains' attachment to a sawdust carrier since these findings imply that they are involved in the bacterial consortium adhesion. Alternatively, the high Bacterial isolates can eat the unresolved complex mixture more quickly than total paraffins when a biosurfactant with a higher weight is present. When compared to total paraffins, the UCM substances, such as cycloalkanes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons PAHs, breakdown more slowly. The following ranking of hydrocarbons in order of decreasing susceptibility reflects how different they are to microbial attack. By examining the sorption capacity and surface modification, this article work investigated the effectiveness of FSD for oil spill cleaning and its effectiveness for improving the microbial decomposition of crude oil. From various oil-polluted areas, 19 crude oil-degrading bacterial isolates were identified. On crude oil hydrocarbons, four bacterial species displayed the predominated growth rate. We looked at the impact of sawdust weights on the bacterial breakdown of crude oil. The findings demonstrate that the bacterial strains in the microcosms containing BI1, BI4, and a bacterial consortium of four bacterial isolates individually with high weights of sawdust consumed the hydrocarbons in UCM more than the total paraffins. Conclusion: The inclusion of biosurfactants and FSD in culture media results in effective surface characteristics that can improve the capacity of the bacteria to enhance the biodegradation process. The first gasification unit to be established in Egypt was inaugurated today by the Minister of the Environment, the Governor of Fayoum, the EU Ambassador, the Director of the Italian Agency for Development Cooperation, and the Program Director at the Center for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe. This facility, which generates power from agricultural and solid wastes, is situated in the village of Qalhana in the Fayoum Governorate. The gasification unit was put into place as part of the initiative "Sustainable Investing in Solid and Agricultural Wastes," which encourages efficient resource management. Enhancing the management of solid and agricultural waste results in the development of income and jobs. In the Fayoum Governorate, the village of Qalhana, the gasification unit was created. This facility uses an anaerobic gasification method to turn all waste types into biogas, which is then used to create clean energy and organic fertilisers. The system aids in pollution prevention and promotes clean agriculture. It aims to ensure the continuity and sustainability of the waste management system and limits the spread of infectious diseases, the spread of mosquitoes, and the haphazard burning of waste causing air pollution. It uses an advanced technological system with a return on investment to safely dispose of all types of waste. Furthermore crucial, the system lessens the diffusion of methane, a greenhouse gas produced by anaerobic fermentation. Organic waste that has accumulated. The gasification unit we are inaugurating today brings for the first time in Egypt such cutting-edge technology of turning garbage into energy and fertilisers, according to Christian Berger, the European Union's ambassador to Egypt. It is our reaction to the problems that plastic garbage in rural areas presents. This is a wonderful example of collaboration in support of Egypt's Sustainable Development Goals, which will not only produce tangible outcomes for combating climate change but also decent job prospects. The environmental governance programme director of CEDARRE, Dr. Amr Abdel Megueed, stated: The economic value of this gasification unit resides in the fact that it converts electrical energy at a minimum by utilising the gas created from the combustion of fossil fuels into usable gas.

Acknowledgement

None

Conflict of Interest

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