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Social cognition; self-other distinctions; Tourette syndrome; schizophrenia

Introduction

Social cognition encompasses various cognitive processes involved in perceiving, interpreting, and responding to social stimuli. Central to social cognition is the ability to distinguish oneself from others, which forms the basis of self-awareness and interpersonal understanding. Neuropsychiatric disorders such as Tourette syndrome (TS) and schizophrenia present intriguing challenges to these fundamental cognitive processes. TS are characterized by involuntary motor and vocal tics, often accompanied by comorbidities such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [1]. Schizophrenia, on the other hand, is a severe mental disorder marked by disturbances in perception, thought, and social functioning. However, the seamless operation of these cognitive processes is not universal, as evidenced by the myriad challenges presented by neuropsychiatric disorders such as Tourette syndrome (TS) and schizophrenia. Tourette syndrome, characterized by involuntary motor and vocal tics, and often accompanied by comorbid conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), offers a unique window into the interplay between motor control, sensory processing, and social cognition [2]. In contrast, schizophrenia, a severe mental disorder marked by disturbances in perception, thought, and social functioning, sheds light on the neural substrates underlying disruptions in self-awareness and interpersonal relationships. Understanding social cognition and self-other distinctions in these disorders not only deepens our appreciation of the intricate workings of the human mind but also holds profound implications for clinical practice and theoretical models of social cognition [3]. By synthesizing the existing literature on social cognition and self-other distinctions in Tourette syndrome and schizophrenia, this review aims to elucidate the neuropsychiatric perspectives on these fundamental cognitive processes [4]. Through an exploration of the similarities and differences between these disorders, we endeavor to unravel the underlying neural mechanisms and their implications for understanding social cognition across diverse clinical populations. In doing so, we hope to advance our understanding of the intricate interplay between neuropsychiatric symptoms, social cognition, and self-awareness, paving the way for more effective interventions and therapeutic strategies in the realm of mental health [5].

Discussion

In this review, we explore the neuropsychiatric perspectives on social cognition and self-other distinctions in TS and schizophrenia. By examining the similarities and differences in these disorders, we aim to elucidate the underlying neural mechanisms and their implications for understanding social cognition across diverse clinical populations. Social cognition encompasses a range of abilities, including emotion recognition, theory of mind, empathy, and social perception. Individuals with TS often exhibit intact social cognitive abilities, with some evidence suggesting enhanced emotional processing and empathy in this population. However, impairments in theory of mind and social perception have also been reported, particularly in individuals with comorbid conditions such as OCD or ADHD [6].

In contrast, schizophrenia is associated with profound deficits in social cognition across multiple domains. Impairments in emotion recognition, theory of mind, and social perception are well-documented in schizophrenia, contributing to social dysfunction and interpersonal difficulties [7]. These deficits are thought to arise from disruptions in neural circuits involved in social information processing, including the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and temporoparietal junction. The nature of self-other distinctions in TS remains an area of ongoing investigation [8]. While individuals with TS typically maintain a clear sense of self, the presence of tics and associated symptoms may influence their perception of self and others. Tic-related premonitory urges, sensory phenomena, and heightened interoceptive awareness can blur the boundaries between self-generated actions and external stimuli, complicating self-other distinctions in this population [9]. Furthermore, the presence of comorbid conditions such as OCD may further impact self-awareness and identity formation in individuals with TS. Obsessional doubts about the authenticity of one's actions or intrusive thoughts related to social interactions can disrupt the sense of agency and exacerbate difficulties in distinguishing self from other. In schizophrenia, disruptions in self-other distinctions are thought to reflect abnormalities in the underlying neural circuitry [10]. Functional neuroimaging studies have implicated aberrant activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), superior temporal gyrus (STG), and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during tasks requiring self-referential processing and perspective-taking. Moreover, alterations in the sense of agency and ownership have been observed in schizophrenia, leading to disturbances in the recognition of self-generated actions and attribution of external stimuli. Dysfunctional connectivity within the cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical loop may contribute to these disturbances, resulting in a fragmented sense of self and disruptions in social interactions.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Tourette syndrome and schizophrenia offer unique insights into the complex interplay between neuropsychiatric symptoms, social cognition, and self-other distinctions. While individuals with TS may experience challenges in integrating sensory experiences and regulating involuntary behaviors, those with schizophrenia often grapple with disruptions in self-awareness and interpersonal understanding. Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying these disorders can inform targeted interventions aimed at improving social functioning and quality of life for affected individuals. Future research should continue to explore the intricacies of social cognition and self-other distinctions across diverse clinical populations, advancing our understanding of the human mind and its complexities.

Acknowledgments

None

Conflict of Interest

None

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