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Pain is an uncomfortable sensation brought on by severe or harmful stimuli. "An painful sensory and emotional experience related with, or mimicking, actual or potential tissue injury," according to the International Association for the Study of Pain. [1] Pain is viewed as a sign of an underlying illness in medical diagnosis.

Pain pushes people to avoid dangerous circumstances, to safeguard a wounded bodily part while it heals, and to avoid repeating similar experiences in the future.

Most pain goes away once the noxious stimulus is withdrawn and the body has recovered, but it can also last even after the stimulus has been removed and the body appears to have healed. Pain can occur even when there are no obvious stimuli, damage, or sickness [2].

In most industrialised countries, pain is the most prevalent cause for seeing a doctor. It is a common symptom of a variety of medical disorders, and it can have a negative impact on a person's quality of life and ability to function normally. In 20% to 70% of situations, simple pain medicines are beneficial. Pain intensity and unpleasantness can be affected by psychological factors such as social support, hypnotic suggestion, cognitive behavioural therapy, enthusiasm, or distraction [3]. Pain has been used as an argument in certain debates for physicianassisted suicide or euthanasia to allow terminally sick patients to terminate their lives.

Classification

According to the International Association for the Study of Pain, specific features should be used to describe a patient's pain:

• The affected bodily part (e.g., abdomen, lower limbs),

• The system whose dysfunction could be producing the pain (e.g., nervous, gastrointestinal)

• The duration and pattern of occurrence,

• The intensity, and

• The cause.

Chronic Versus Acute

Pain is typically transient, lasting only until the noxious stimulus is withdrawn or the underlying injury or disease has healed; nevertheless, some painful disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral neuropathy, cancer, and idiopathic pain, can linger for years. Pain that lasts a long period is referred to as "chronic" or "persistent," whereas pain that fades fast is referred to as "acute." The distinction between acute and chronic pain has traditionally relied on an arbitrary time interval between onset and resolution, with the two most commonly used markers being 3 months and 6 months since the onset of pain [4], though some theorists and researchers have put the transition from acute to chronic pain at 12 months: 93 Others use the terms "acute" to describe pain that lasts less than 30 days, "chronic" to describe pain that lasts more than six months, and "subacute" to describe pain that lasts between one and six months [5]. "Pain that lasts longer than expected" is a popular alternative definition of "chronic pain," which does not have an arbitrary duration. Chronic pain might be "cancer-related" or "non-cancerous" [6].

Management

Pain can be alleviated in a variety of ways [7]. The most appropriate strategy is determined by the circumstances. Chronic pain management can be challenging, and it may necessitate the collaboration of a pain management team that comprises medical practitioners, clinical pharmacists, clinical psychologists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners [8].

Inadequate pain management is common in surgical wards, critical care units, and emergency rooms, as well as in general practise, the management of all types of chronic pain, including cancer pain, and end-of-life care. This neglect affects people of all ages, from newborns to the elderly who are medically weak [9]. In the United States, African and Hispanic Americans are more likely than others to suffer unnecessarily while under the care of a doctor [10] and women's pain is more likely than men's to be undertreated.

1. Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, Finnerup NB, Flor H, et al. (2020) Pain 161:1976-1982.

      

2. Cervero F (2012) . Mit Press.

      

3. Debono DJ, Hoeksema LJ, Hobbs RD (2013) . J Osteopath Med 113:620-627.

      

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6. Moore RA, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Maguire T, Roy YM, et al. ( 2015) "". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 11 (11): CD010794.

      

7. Garland EL, Brintz CE, Hanley AW, Roseen EJ, Atchley RM, et al. (2020) "Mind-Body Therapies for Opioid-Treated Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA Internal Medicine 180:91-105.

      

8. Weyers H (2006) "". Sociology of Health & Illness 28: 802-816.聽

      

9. Cullen L, Greiner J, Titler MG (2001) "". Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America 13: 151-166.

      

10. Rupp T, Delaney KA (2004) "Inadequate analgesia in emergency medicine". Annals of Emergency Medicine 43: 494-503.