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Periodontal disease; Gingivitis; Periodontitis; Pathologic; Fracture; Endocarditis; Class II perio-endo abscessoro; Nasal fistuala

Introduction

From at least 5000 BC, periodontal disorders have been recognised and treated. The apparent disparities in how periodontal diseases manifest have long been acknowledged by clinicians, who have made an effort to categorise these illnesses. Aetiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of diseases can now be identified using structures developed by physicians using disease classification systems that have emerged. It enables us to plan efficient care for the illnesses of our patients. The cause of the problem and the best evidence-based treatment are suggested to the practitioner when a disease has been identified and characterised. Health care providers can communicate effectively utilising a common language because to shared classification systems. Early classification attempts were based on the clinical features of the diseases or beliefs regarding their origin. There was no evidence to back up their attempts. The foundation of classification was established by conventional pathology as scientific understanding grew. Systems of classification based on our understanding of the numerous periodontal diseases and the host response to them have since followed this. Periodontal disease classification, however, has proven difficult. As research has increased our understanding of these diseases over the course of the last century, physicians and researchers have struggled with the issue and have met frequently to review or develop the classification of the various types of periodontal disease. As a result, adjustments and revisions have been made often. Therefore, a categorization shouldn’t be thought of as a long-lasting structure. It must be flexible enough to adapt and develop as new knowledge is discovered. It is anticipated that classification schemes will evolve over time. The categories of periodontal diseases in the past and today are examined in this overview [1-5].

Discussion

Gum disease, commonly referred to as periodontal disease, is a group of inflammatory disorders that affect the tissues that surround the teeth. When gingivitis is in its early stages, the gums swell, get red, and occasionally bleed. It is regarded as the primary cause of adult tooth loss worldwide. Periodontitis, its more severe variant, can cause bone loss, gum tissue separation from the tooth, and eventual tooth loss. Also possible is bad breath. In most cases, periodontal disease results from oral bacteria infecting the gums and supporting structures of teeth. Smoking, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, family history, and several medications are among the factors that raise the risk of illness. The diagnosis is made by physically evaluating the gum tissue surrounding the teeth, using a probe, and taking X-rays to check for bone loss.

Regular professional dental cleanings and good oral hygiene are part of the treatment. Brushing and flossing are recommended every day practises for oral hygiene. In some circumstances, oral surgery or antibiotics may be suggested. Clinical studies show that changing one’s diet and giving up smoking improve periodontal health. In 2015, it was estimated that 538 million people worldwide were affected; normally, it affects 10% to 15% of the population. In the US, roughly 50% of people over the age of 30 and 70% of people over the age of 65 have the disorder, respectively. Men are more frequently impacted than females. An extremely serious gum infection is called periodontitis. Bacteria that have been permitted to build up on your teeth and gums are to blame. Your bones and teeth may suffer harm when periodontitis worsens. However, the damage can be halted if periodontitis is treated quickly and good oral hygiene is maintained [6-10].

Conclusions

Periodontal illness is characterised by the biofilm-like polymicrobial colonisation of the tooth surface, which results in the inflammatory destruction of the tissues that support the teeth (periodontal tissues). Many studies conducted over the past few decades on this chronic illness show that it progresses infrequently and episodically, and that each person’s vulnerability to it can be different. The cornerstone of detection and diagnosis continues to be physical examinations of previously existing periodontal tissue damage, whereas conventional diagnostic methods do not identify vulnerable individuals or distinguish between disease-active and disease-inactive periodontal sites. In order to put diagnosis (such as the existence or stage) and management of the disease on a more rational, less empirical foundation, more sensitive and accurate “measurable biological indicators” of periodontal diseases are required. Modern “omics” technologies might make this mission possible. While proteomic technologies allowed us to understand the molecular state of the host in disease and the interactive cross-talk of the host with the microbiome, high throughput nucleic acid sequencing technologies allowed us to examine the taxonomic distribution of microbial communities in oral health and disease. The recently developed area of meta-proteomics has made it possible to identify the protein repertoire that oral microbes utilise to interact or compete with one another. Large amounts of these data are obtained from oral biological fluids, such as saliva and gingival crevicular fluid, and they are continually compiled and catalogued as the analytical and bioinformatics techniques develop. In relation to periodontal disorders, this chapter discusses the “omics”-derived knowledge that is now available about the microbiome, the host, and their “interactome,” as well as the difficulties and future potential.

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