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High-Density Lipoproteins; Apolipoprotein A-I; Exercise; Paraoxonase; Low-Density lipoproteins

Introduction

Sedentary lifestyles are a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, low HDL-C, and high triglyceride (TG) levels are frequently linked to sedentary living. Exercise is linked to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and overall mortality, dose-dependently. Regular exercise boosts HDL-C by increasing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cholesterol efflux activity. However, poor diet, sedentary behavior, alcohol consumption, and smoking can all reduce HDL-C quantity and quality. Dysfunctional HDL production is intimately linked to a high incidence of metabolic syndrome because impaired HDL qualities, such as decreased oxidation and glycation properties, are frequently found in patients with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension [1-3]. Consequently, it is generally accepted that maintaining HDL's healthy and protective effects is linked to controlling hypertension, diabetes, and dementia. Policosanol, a nutrient supplement, has been shown in numerous human studies to increase HDL-C quantity, quality, and functionality in healthy subjects. In a number of human studies, apoA-I and paraoxonase activity were found to have a strong correlation with HDL function in prehypertension. Lifestyle and nonpharmacological interventions like exercise and nutrition can also improve HDL-C quantity and quality. Aerobic sports athletes like runners and wrestlers have the highest HDL-C, largest particle size, HDL content of apoA-I, and paraoxonase (PON) activity among the national Olympic representatives. Regardless of the type of exercise, these findings suggest that regular exercise may increase HDL-C quantity and HDL functionality [4-7].

In contrast, there are no studies that compare middle-aged, nonsmoking women's HDL quality and functionality in sedentary and exercise groups. As evidenced by decreases in LDL-C and TG and increases in HDL-CO, numerous studies have demonstrated that exercise transformed the pro-atherogenic lipid profile into an anti-atherogenic profile. Middle-aged, healthy, and normolipidemic women who had exercised regularly for at least a year prior to the study were compared to see how exercise intensity affected HDL and LDL properties like particle shape and size, oxidation and glycation extent, and lipid and apolipoprotein compositions [8].

Lipoproteins' Electromobility

The agarose electrophoresis migration of each lipoprotein (LDL, HDL2, and HDL3) was used to compare the electromobility of the participant samples. The three-dimensional structure of HDL and its intact charge determine the relative electrophoretic mobility [9]. As a outcome, agarose gel electrophoresis with HDL2 and HDL3 in the nondenatured state was carried out for each group. After the gels were dried and stained with 0.125 percent Coomassie Brilliant Blue, band scanning using Gel Doc® XR (Bio-Rad) and Quantity One software was used to compare the relative band intensities [10].

Discussion

The number of large HDL particles increased despite the differences in exercise regimens, according to a meta-analysis of ten interventions. There is insufficient information regarding HDL particle shape, composition, and the extent of oxidation and glycation, despite widespread agreement that exercise improves HDL quality, including HDL particle size. Serum HDL-C apoA-I levels and cholesterol efflux activity are linked to regular exercise. Additionally, there are no studies that have compared the quantity and quality of HDL-C produced by regular exercise in the general population to those produced by sedentary individuals over the course of at least one year. This is because many studies have focused on the exercise's short-term physiological effect, which typically lasts between 8 and 24 weeks and was forced on random volunteers. The goal of this study was to find out if women in their middle years had an effect on their HDL quality and functionality. A number of physiological parameters, including lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, hepatic functions, and inflammatory profiles, were found in healthy middle-aged women who exercised frequently. They were divided into three groups based on their individual responses to a questionnaire: In the exercise groups, particularly group 3, serum HDL-C and the percentage of HDL-C/TC increased significantly, while TG, TG/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, and apo-B/apoA-I decreased significantly. The other three groups were sedentary (group 1), lowintensity exercise (group 2), and high-intensity exercise.

               

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