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Electrophoresis; Analytical chemistry; Separation technique; Microchip electrophoresis; Clinical diagnostics

Introduction

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful analytical technique that has revolutionized the field of separation science and chemical analysis. [1] It offers exceptional precision, sensitivity, and versatility, making it an indispensable tool in a wide range of scientific disciplines, from chemistry and biology to pharmaceuticals and environmental science. CE’s ability to separate and quantify a diverse array of compounds, from small ions to large biomolecules, has made it a cornerstone in both research and industrial laboratories.

The fundamental principle behind capillary electrophoresis is the movement of charged particles under the influence of an electric field within a narrow capillary tube filled with an electrolyte solution. [2] This migration occurs based on the charge, size, and shape of the analytes molecules, enabling their separation and quantification. CE can be applied to the analysis of various compounds, including inorganic ions, organic molecules, proteins, nucleic acids, and pharmaceuticals, making it a versatile technique with broad applicability.

The origins of capillary electrophoresis can be traced back to the mid-20th century when it emerged as a modification of traditional electrophoresis techniques. [3] Over the decades, CE has evolved, driven by advancements in instrumentation, detection methods, and capillary coatings, which have enhanced its performance and expanded its applications. Today, CE is widely employed for a diverse range of tasks, including quality control in the pharmaceutical industry, DNA sequencing in genetics research, and the analysis of environmental contaminants.

Discussion

Principles of capillary electrophoresis: Capillary electrophoresis relies on the principles of electrokinetic separation. In a CE system, an electric field is applied across a narrow capillary tube filled with a buffer solution. Analytes, which may be charged or uncharged, are injected into the capillary. [4] Under the influence of the electric field, these analytes migrate through the capillary at different rates based on their charge, size, and shape. The separation is achieved as analytes move through the capillary and reach the detector at different times.

Applications of capillary electrophoresis

Pharmaceutical analysis: CE is extensively used for quality control in the pharmaceutical industry. It can separate and quantify active pharmaceutical ingredients, impurities, and degradation products.

Proteomics and genomics: CE is valuable in DNA sequencing and protein analysis. [5] It can separate DNA fragments or proteins based on their size and charge, facilitating genetic research and proteomic studies.

Environmental analysis: CE is employed for the detection of pollutants and contaminants in environmental samples. It can separate and quantify ions, heavy metals, and organic compounds.

Food and beverage industry: CE is used for food safety and quality control, allowing the separation and quantification of food additives, preservatives, and contaminants.

Clinical diagnostics: CE plays a role in [6] clinical laboratories for the analysis of various biomarkers, drugs, and metabolites in biological samples.

Advantages of capillary electrophoresis

High separation efficiency: CE offers excellent separation efficiency, often superior to other analytical techniques like HPLC.

Small sample size: CE requires only minute sample volumes, making it suitable for applications where sample availability is limited.

Fast analysis: CE typically provides rapid results, [7] with separations often completed in minutes to hours.

Low operating costs: The technique utilizes small amounts of reagents and solvents, reducing operational expenses.

Quantitative accuracy: CE can provide accurate and precise quantification of analytes.

Limitations of capillary electrophoresis

Sensitivity to sample properties: CE is sensitive to the charge, size, and shape of analytes, which can limit its applicability for certain compounds.

Complex sample matrices: Sample complexity, [8] such as matrices containing numerous components or high ionic strength, can affect separation efficiency.

Instrumentation costs: High-quality CE instruments can be expensive, [9] which may pose a barrier for some laboratories.

Limited compatibility: CE may not be suitable for all types of analytes, [10] and method development can be challenging.

Conclusion

Capillary electrophoresis is a versatile and powerful analytical technique with a wide range of applications. Its ability to separate analytes based on their charge, size, and shape makes it an invaluable tool in various scientific fields. Researchers and analysts continue to harness its capabilities to advance their studies and address complex analytical challenges. Despite its limitations, CE remains a fundamental and evolving technique in the world of analytical chemistry.

Conflict of Interest

None

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