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Carcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in the epithelial cells, which are the cells that make up the lining of organs and tissues in the body. Carcinomas can develop in many different parts of the body, including the lungs, breast, prostate, colon, and skin. One of the key features of carcinoma is that it tends to grow and spread quickly. This is because the epithelial cells are constantly dividing and reproducing, and if something goes wrong with that process, it can lead to the formation of cancerous cells [1]. There are several different subtypes of carcinoma, each of which has unique characteristics and treatment options. For example, squamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that usually develops in areas of the skin that are exposed to the sun. It tends to be slow-growing, but it can still be dangerous if it's not treated promptly [2].

Adenocarcinoma, on the other hand, is a type of cancer that starts in the glandular cells, which are the cells that produce mucus and other substances. Lungs, breast, prostate, colon, pancreas, and many other organs of the body can all develop adenocarcinoma. Another subtype of carcinoma is transitional cell carcinoma, which is a type of cancer that starts in the transitional cells that line the bladder, ureters, and urethra [3]. This type of cancer is often associated with smoking and exposure to certain chemicals, and it can be difficult to treat if it's not caught early. Regardless of the subtype, carcinoma is typically treated with a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The specific treatment plan will depend on factors like the location and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health [4].

One of the challenges of treating carcinoma is that it can be difficult to detect in its early stages. Many people don't experience any symptoms until the cancer has already spread to other parts of the body. This is why it's so important to get regular cancer screenings, particularly if you have a family history of cancer or other risk factors. In addition to regular screenings, there are also several lifestyle changes that can help reduce your risk of developing carcinoma [5]. For example, quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding exposure to chemicals and other environmental toxins can all help reduce your risk of developing cancer.

Overall, carcinoma is a complex and challenging disease that requires a multi-disciplinary approach to treatment. With advances in medical technology and a greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms of cancer, there is hope to make progress in the fight against carcinoma and other types of cancer [6].

There are numerous uncommon subtypes of anaplastic, undifferentiated carcinoma. Spindle cell carcinoma, giant cell carcinoma, and sarcomatoid carcinoma combinations of spindle and giant cell carcinoma are some of the most well-known tumours including pseudo-sarcomatous components. Pleomorphic carcinoma has spindle cell and giant cell components, as well as at least 10% of cells from more highly differentiated kinds. Tumours, like carcinosarcoma and pulmonary blastoma, may comprise individual components that resemble both carcinoma and genuine sarcoma. The most common cause of big cell carcinoma is a history of cigarette smoking.

The term carcinoma has also evolved to refer to malignant tumours made of altered cells whose origin or developmental history is unknown, but which exhibit epithelial-like molecular, cellular, and histological properties. This may include the development of one or more cytokeratin or other intermediate filaments, intercellular bridge structures, keratin pearls, and/or tissue architectural patterns like stratification or pseudo-stratification.

1. Sammer DM, Chung KC. . Plast Reconst Surg. 2009;123(5):169e. 

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2. Gans C. . Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol. 1965;38:115-142.

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3. Sacks RD, Roy RR. . J Morphol. 1982;173(2):185-195. 

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4. Stevoska S, Pisecky L, Stadler C, Gahleitner M, Klasan A, Klotz MC. . Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2021:1-2. 

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5. Liu AT, Liu BL, Lu LX, Chen G, Yu DZ, Zhu L, et al. . J Anat. 2014;225(1):12-18.

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6. Lieber RL, Jacobson MD, Fazeli BM, Abrams RA, Botte MJ. . J Hand Surg. 1992;17(5):787-798.

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