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Stomatology; Oral health; Maxillofacial disorders; Oral microbiome; Regenerative dentistry; Biomaterials; Artificial intelligence in dentistry; Preventive care; Oral-systemic Health; Public health in stomatology

Stomatology, derived from the Greek words stoma (mouth) and logos (study), is the branch of medicine and dentistry that focuses on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases and disorders affecting the oral cavity and related structures. It plays a critical role in maintaining overall health, as the mouth is often considered a gateway to the body [1]. This article explores the fundamentals of stomatology, its scope, advancements, and its intersection with general health. Stomatology is a specialized branch of medicine and dentistry that focuses on the study, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases and disorders of the mouth, jaws, and related structures [2]. As an interdisciplinary field, stomatology integrates elements of dentistry, medicine, surgery, and pathology, offering a comprehensive approach to understanding oral health and its broader implications for systemic health [3]. Derived from the Greek word stoma, meaning mouth, and logos, meaning study, stomatology encompasses a wide range of topics, including oral anatomy, physiology, microbiology, and the management of oral and maxillofacial diseases [4]. The mouth is not only the gateway to the body but also a vital organ with diverse functions, including speech, mastication, and expression. It plays a central role in nutrition and digestion, as well as in overall quality of life. The intricate structures of the oral cavity—teeth, gums, tongue, salivary glands, and temporomandibular joints—form a complex system that requires specialized care [8]. Diseases or dysfunctions in the oral cavity can have profound effects on an individual’s well-being, leading to pain, discomfort, and potential systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and respiratory infections. Thus, stomatology is a cornerstone in maintaining overall health, emphasizing the need for early detection, prevention, and intervention.

The scope of stomatology

Stomatology encompasses a wide range of topics related to the oral cavity and its surrounding areas, including:

The study of dental caries (tooth decay), periodontal diseases, and other gum-related conditions.

Orthodontics and Prosthodontics: The correction of misaligned teeth and the restoration of missing teeth through prosthetics.

Bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, such as oral candidiasis (thrush) or herpes simplex virus.

TMJ Disorders: Conditions causing pain and dysfunction in the jaw joint and muscles.

Maxillofacial Deformities: Congenital or acquired deformities that may require surgical intervention.

The mouth serves as a mirror reflecting systemic health. Research highlights a strong connection between oral diseases and systemic conditions like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and respiratory infections. For example, periodontal bacteria can enter the bloodstream, contributing to arterial inflammation and increasing the risk of heart disease.

Oral health directly affects nutrition. Painful conditions like dental caries or jaw problems can impair chewing and lead to malnutrition, especially in vulnerable populations like the elderly or children.

Regular oral examinations can identify early signs of systemic diseases. For instance, persistent bad breath or dry mouth might indicate diabetes or Sjögren's syndrome.

Stomatology has witnessed significant technological and methodological advancements over recent years.

3D Imaging and CBCT (Cone Beam Computed Tomography): Revolutionizing diagnostics with high-resolution imaging for precise treatment planning.

Salivary Diagnostics: Using saliva to detect biomarkers for systemic diseases like cancer or autoimmune disorders.

Stem cell research is paving the way for regenerating damaged tissues, such as dentin and pulp, potentially replacing traditional restorative procedures in the future.

Stomatology and preventive care

Prevention remains the cornerstone of stomatology. Key practices include:

Educational programs emphasize the importance of oral hygiene, including brushing, flossing, and regular dental check-ups.

Fluoride in water and toothpaste significantly reduces dental caries, especially in children.

Vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV) can prevent oral cancers linked to the virus.

Many populations, especially in rural or low-income areas, lack access to affordable dental care.

Bridging the gap between oral healthcare and general medical care remains a challenge. Many systemic diseases go undiagnosed due to poor oral health literacy among non-dental healthcare providers.

The future of stomatology looks promising with the integration of artificial intelligence, personalized medicine, and bioengineering. AI-powered tools can enhance diagnostics, while personalized treatment plans cater to the unique needs of each patient. Furthermore, bioengineered solutions may lead to the development of fully functional bio-teeth, revolutionizing oral care.

Discussion

Stomatology, the comprehensive study of oral and dental health, encompasses a multidisciplinary approach to understanding the complexities of the oral cavity and its role in overall health. This field integrates knowledge from anatomy, physiology, microbiology, pathology, and clinical practice, emphasizing the oral cavity as a gateway to systemic well-being. Recent advances in stomatology have highlighted the critical role of the oral microbiome in maintaining homeostasis, linking oral health to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and even mental health [9]. A key discussion point is the growing emphasis on prevention and early diagnosis. From dental caries to oral cancers, the ability to detect issues in their nascent stages through routine check-ups, imaging technologies, and biomarkers has proven invaluable. Furthermore, the interdisciplinary collaboration between dentists, otolaryngologists, and medical practitioners enhances treatment outcomes, especially for complex cases like temporomandibular disorders or craniofacial abnormalities [10].

Emerging trends in digital dentistry, such as CAD/CAM systems and 3D printing, have revolutionized prosthodontics and orthodontics, improving precision and patient satisfaction. Moreover, public health initiatives aimed at improving oral hygiene awareness remain pivotal in reducing the global burden of oral diseases.

Stomatology continues to evolve as a cornerstone of holistic healthcare, bridging oral health with systemic health for a more integrated approach to patient care.

Conclusion

Stomatology is a vital field that bridges oral health and general well-being. As research continues to uncover deeper connections between the oral cavity and systemic diseases, the importance of this specialty will only grow. By prioritizing preventive care, fostering technological innovation, and improving accessibility, stomatology can significantly enhance the quality of life for individuals worldwide.

Understanding the holistic impact of oral health underscores the necessity for regular dental visits and informed self-care practices. The mouth is not just a part of the body—it is a critical component of overall health and wellness. As a field that bridges oral and systemic health, stomatology plays a vital role in modern medicine. Its holistic approach emphasizes prevention, early diagnosis, and interdisciplinary collaboration to enhance overall well-being. By fostering advancements in research and technology, stomatology continues to evolve, addressing the challenges of oral health in a rapidly changing world and ensuring its essential contribution to public health.

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