A Note to Cytokines
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Abstract
Cytokines are important regulators of cell and tissue development, migration, differentiation, and differentiation. Inflammatory cytokines like interleukins and interferons, growth factors like epidermal and hepatocyte growth factors, and chemokines like macrophage inflammatory proteins, MIP-1 and MIP-1 are all members of this family. The endocrine system's peptide and steroid hormones are not included. Cytokines play critical roles in chemically induced tissue repair, cancer growth and progression, cell replication and apoptosis regulation, and immune response modulation such as sensitization. They have the potential to be sensitive indicators of chemically induced functional perturbations, but toxicologically, the detection of cytokine changes in the whole animal is constrained by the fact that they are locally released, with plasma measurements being usually inaccurate or insignificant, and they have short half lives that require precise timing to detect. Flavonoids' The term cytokine derives from the Greek terms kytos, which means "hollow" or "vessel," and kinein, which means "to pass." It was first used to differentiate a group of immuno-regulatory proteins that are known as interleukins from other chemicals known as growth factors that modulate the proliferation and the bioactivation of nonimmune cells. However, as more information about these proteins has become available, it has become clear that the distinction between these two concepts is artificial, and that many of the traditional immuno-modulatory cytokines will affect proliferation and differentiation in both immune and nonimmune cells. Chemokines are a third class of soluble chemo-attractant cytokines, and interleukin-8 was one of the first to be identified (IL-8). Chemokines are made up of a large number of proteins, each with its own receptor, and involve molecules like RANTES. Most cytokines have stimulatory or inhibitory effects, and they can work together or against other cytokines and hormones. A key feature of their behaviour is that a individual cytokine can cause one form of reaction in one set of circumstances while causing the exact opposite reaction in another set of circumstances.
