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Abstract

Background: Craniofacial microsomia (CFM) is a congenital disorder characterized by underdevelopment of the craniofacial structures, affecting both hard and soft tissues. Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) commonly coexists with CFM, leading to challenges in speech and language development. This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature on VPI, speech, and language impairment in individuals with CFM.

Methods: A systematic search was conducted across major electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, and Scopus, to identify relevant studies published up to the present date. The search strategy incorporated keywords related to CFM, VPI, speech disorders, and language impairment. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies reporting on the prevalence, assessment, management, and outcomes of VPI and speech and language difficulties in individuals with CFM.

Results: The search yielded a diverse range of studies, including clinical trials, observational studies, and case reports. The prevalence of VPI in CFM varied across studies, and assessment tools and intervention strategies were heterogeneous. Speech and language impairment were frequently reported in individuals with CFM, with multifactorial influences such as anatomical variations, surgical interventions, and psychosocial factors contributing to the observed difficulties.

Conclusion: This scoping review highlights the need for standardized approaches in assessing and managing VPI, speech, and language impairment in the context of CFM. Future research should focus on establishing consensus guidelines for diagnosis and intervention, considering the multidimensional nature of these challenges. The synthesis of existing evidence will contribute to a better understanding of the complexities associated with VPI and speech and language impairment in CFM, ultimately informing clinical practice and guiding future research endeavors.