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Abstract

Analgesia, the alleviation or absence of pain, is a critical aspect of clinical management in both acute and chronic conditions. It involves a complex interplay between the central and peripheral nervous systems, pharmacological agents, and non-pharmacological interventions. This article presents an overview of the various mechanisms underlying analgesia, explores current methods of pain relief, and discusses emerging therapies. We review traditional analgesic drugs such as opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as well as newer pharmacological agents, including biologics and neuromodulatory treatments. In addition to pharmacological strategies, non-pharmacological approaches such as physical therapy, acupuncture, and psychological interventions are considered. Finally, we examine the challenges of pain management, particularly the opioid crisis and the need for safer, more effective analgesic options. This review aims to provide an in-depth understanding of analgesia to guide clinical decision-making and future research.