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Abstract

In this review, we delve into the complexities of atherosclerosis, an inflammatory disease affecting the large arteries and a leading cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke. By examining the molecular, cellular, genetic, and environmental factors contributing to atherosclerosis, we gain insights from both individual pathway and systems perspectives. Our focus is on recent advances that have uncovered intriguing biology, such as the previously unrecognized heterogeneity of inflammatory and smooth muscle cells within atherosclerotic lesions. Additionally, we explore the roles of senescence and clonal hematopoiesis in atherosclerosis, as well as intriguing links to the gut microbiome. This comprehensive review aims to deepen our understanding of atherosclerosis and shed light on emerging discoveries that could shape future research and therapeutic approaches in combating this prevalent and detrimental disease.