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Abstract

Advancements in mass spectrometry (MS) have revolutionized the fields of biomarker discovery and disease diagnosis. This powerful analytical technique allows for precise identification and quantification of biomarkers at the molecular level, which is crucial for understanding disease mechanisms, early detection, and personalized medicine. Recent innovations in MS technologies, such as high-resolution instruments, improved ionization techniques, and enhanced data analysis software, have significantly increased sensitivity, accuracy, and throughput. However, challenges persist in handling complex biological samples, such as variability in patient populations, matrix effects, and the need for standardization in biomarker validation. This review explores recent advancements in MS-based techniques, highlighting their applications in biomarker discovery for diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. The potential for integrating MS with other omics technologies is also discussed. Future directions emphasize the need for multi-omics approaches, real-time diagnostics, and improved bioinformatics tools to overcome current limitations.