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Abstract

Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment landscape, offering promising results in previously difficult- to-treat cancers. By harnessing the body’s immune system to fight tumors, immunotherapies have led to remarkable long-term survival in certain cancers, such as melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and some types of leukemia. This paradigm shift is also influencing surgical strategies, where the integration of immunotherapy has introduced new possibilities for preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative interventions. This article explores the synergy between cancer immunotherapy and surgical approaches, focusing on how immunotherapy-driven innovations are shaping surgical practice. Key areas of impact include improved patient selection, neoadjuvant treatments to enhance surgical outcomes, and potential for minimizing tumor recurrence post-surgery. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and future directions of combining immunotherapy with surgery to further optimize cancer treatment.

Keywords: Cancer immunotherapy; Surgery; Neoadjuvant; Checkpoint inhibitors; Tumor recurrence; Immune-related adverse events