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Abstract

Mitochondria, often referred to as the powerhouses of the cell, are crucial for cellular energy production and homeostasis. Recent advances in cellular bioenergetics have illuminated the intricate mechanisms through which mitochondria influence not only energy metabolism but also cellular health and disease. This review explores the fundamental principles of mitochondrial function, including the processes of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis. We delve into the impact of mitochondrial dysfunction on various diseases, ranging from metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative conditions to cancer and cardiovascular diseases. By examining the molecular pathways that link mitochondrial bioenergetics with disease pathology, we highlight emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting mitochondrial function to restore cellular energy balance and mitigate disease progression. Understanding these connections is essential for developing novel approaches to prevent and treat a spectrum of conditions associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.