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Abstract

Dental pathology and medicine focus on understanding, diagnosing, and treating diseases and disorders of the teeth, gums, and supporting oral structures. These fields integrate clinical expertise, biological sciences, and patient care to promote oral health, which is crucial for overall well-being. This article delves into the key areas of dental pathology and medicine, including common oral diseases, their pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment modalities, and preventive measures. Dental pathology and medicine are interrelated fields that investigate the causes, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of oral and maxillofacial diseases. Dental pathology focuses on the study of oral diseases at a microscopic level, including caries, periodontal diseases, pulpal infections, and neoplasms, while dental medicine encompasses the broader clinical implications, management strategies, and systemic health connections of these conditions. Emerging research highlights the role of genetic, environmental, and microbial factors in the etiology of dental disorders, particularly the oral microbiome's influence on caries and periodontal diseases. Furthermore, the bidirectional relationship between oral health and systemic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory infections has gained attention, emphasizing the need for an integrated approach to patient care. Advances in diagnostic tools, including histopathological techniques and molecular markers, have enhanced early detection and prognosis of oral cancers and other pathologies. This paper explores the intersection of dental pathology and medicine, offering insights into the latest diagnostic technologies, therapeutic interventions, and preventative strategies. Special attention is given to novel biomaterials in restorative dentistry, the role of artificial intelligence in predictive diagnostics, and personalized medicine approaches. By synthesizing current research, this review underscores the necessity of interdisciplinary collaboration to advance both oral and systemic health outcomes.