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Abstract

Cytokines play pivotal roles in orchestrating inflammatory responses by mediating communication between immune cells and regulating gene expression. This review explores the diverse signaling pathways of cytokines— such as Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)—that contribute to inflammation. Mechanisms of cytokine receptor activation and downstream signaling cascades are examined, emphasizing their roles in immune cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. Additionally, the modulation of cytokine signaling pathways through therapeutic interventions, including cytokine inhibitors and kinase inhibitors, is discussed. Understanding these mechanisms provides insights into the development of targeted therapies for inflammatory diseases