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Abstract

Neuroinflammation, characterized by immune activation within the central nervous system (CNS), is a pivotal component of various neurological disorders. Cytokines, key mediators of immune responses, play critical roles in modulating neuroinflammatory processes. These small proteins orchestrate complex signaling cascades that involve both resident glial cells and infiltrating immune cells, influencing neuronal function, synaptic plasticity, and overall CNS homeostasis. Dysregulation of cytokine signaling can lead to sustained inflammation, exacerbating neuronal damage and contributing to the progression of diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. This abstract reviews the intricate pathways through which cytokines contribute to neuroinflammation, including activation of microglia, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and induction of oxidative stress. Furthermore, it discusses current therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting cytokine pathways, such as cytokine inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and biologics. These therapies aim to attenuate neuroinflammation, protect neuronal integrity, and potentially halt disease progression