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Abstract

Bladder cancer is a prevalent malignancy with various diagnostic modalities available for accurate detection and characterization. This review outlines the key diagnostic methods utilized in the clinical assessment of bladder cancer. Cystoscopy, an endoscopic examination of the bladder tissue, remains a cornerstone in diagnosis, allowing direct visualization of suspicious lesions. Biopsy procedures, particularly transurethral resection (TUR), provide essential histological information for confirming the presence of malignancy. Additionally, urine cytology offers a non-invasive approach by examining cellular abnormalities in urine samples under a microscope. Imaging tests, such as intravenous pyelogram (IVP) and computerized tomography (CT) scans, play pivotal roles in staging and evaluating the extent of bladder cancer spread. This comprehensive overview highlights the significance of integrating these diagnostic techniques to achieve accurate diagnosis and guide optimal management strategies for patients with bladder cancer.