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Abstract

A gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria called Streptococcus pneumoniae is capable of inflicting serious illnesses such pneumonia, meningitis, septicemia, and middle ear infections. It is also one of the main pathogens causing bacterial conjunctivitis and keratitis. Although there are two pneumococcal vaccines available, they only partially protect against eye infections and non-ocular illnesses. Numerous virulence factors present in this infection cause havoc on the conjunctiva, cornea, and intraocular system. Evading the host complement system is made easier by polysaccharide capsules. A cytolysin that depends on cholesterol and functions as a pore forming toxin is called pneumolysin (PLY). Neuraminidases make the pneumococcus visible to cell surface receptors, which aids in colonisation and adhesion. The severity of the disease and immune system evasion are both influenced by zinc metalloproteinases. The burden of infectious illnesses on global public health and societal economic stability is considerable. They have long been among the main causes of death and disability and have posed increasing problems for both human advancement and health security. The threat posed by infectious diseases is further deepened by the continued emergence of new, unrecognized, and old infectious disease epidemics of global impact. At least 30 new infectious diseases that harm people have evolved in the past 35 years; the majority of these diseases are zoonotic,and research has revealed that the origins of these diseases strongly connect with socioeconomic, environmental, and ecological factors. There is concern that infectious diseases may spread as a result of these factors continuing to rise and bringing more people into touch with disease-causing bacteria.