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Abstract

Enamel hypoplasia is a developmental anomaly characterized by a quantitative defect in enamel formation, resulting in the incomplete or deficient deposition of enamel during tooth development. This condition can manifest as pits, grooves, thin enamel, or areas of missing enamel, significantly impacting the aesthetics and functionality of affected teeth. Enamel hypoplasia is attributed to various etiological factors, including genetic predispositions, systemic conditions, nutritional deficiencies, trauma, and environmental stressors during the formative stages of tooth development. Common systemic causes include prenatal malnutrition, low birth weight, infections, and exposure to toxins like fluoride or tetracycline during early childhood. The clinical significance of enamel hypoplasia extends beyond its cosmetic implications, as it increases the vulnerability of teeth to caries, hypersensitivity, and mechanical wear. Early diagnosis and management are essential to mitigate complications. Diagnostic modalities include visual-tactile examination, radiographic imaging, and advanced methods such as quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Management strategies depend on the severity of the condition and may range from preventive measures and fluoride therapy to restorative treatments like composite resins, veneers, or crowns. Recent research emphasizes the role of epigenetic and molecular pathways in enamel formation, shedding light on potential preventive and therapeutic interventions. Moreover, the psychosocial impact of enamel hypoplasia on affected individuals highlights the need for interdisciplinary approaches involving pediatric dentistry, orthodontics, and psychology. This review underscores the multifactorial nature of enamel hypoplasia, its clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and the importance of holistic patient care.