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Abstract

Encephalopathy is a broad term that encompasses a variety of brain disorders characterized by altered brain function or structure. It can manifest in various forms, including metabolic, infectious, hypoxic-ischemic, toxic, traumatic, and degenerative encephalopathies, each with distinct underlying causes and symptoms. Metabolic encephalopathy arises from disturbances in metabolic processes, such as hepatic or uremic failure, leading to an accumulation of toxins that impair brain function. Infectious encephalopathy can result from viral or bacterial infections that invade the central nervous system, causing inflammation and neuronal damage. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy occurs when the brain is deprived of oxygen, often due to cardiac arrest or severe respiratory distress. Toxic encephalopathy is associated with exposure to harmful substances, including alcohol, heavy metals, or certain drugs, which can have neurotoxic effects. Traumatic encephalopathy results from physical injury to the brain, while degenerative encephalopathy includes conditions like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, where progressive neuronal loss leads to cognitive decline. The clinical presentation of encephalopathy varies widely and may include cognitive dysfunction, behavioral changes, physical symptoms, and altered levels of consciousness. Early recognition of these symptoms is crucial, as prompt diagnosis and intervention can prevent further neurological damage.