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Abstract

Endothelial dysfunction is a critical factor in the development and progression of various cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. This article explores the intricacies of endothelial dysfunction, its underlying causes, and implications. The endothelium, a single layer of cells lining blood vessels, plays a pivotal role in maintaining vascular health. When the endothelium becomes dysfunctional, it can lead to a cascade of detrimental effects. Causes of endothelial dysfunction include oxidative stress, inflammation, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and aging. The implications of endothelial dysfunction encompass hypertension, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and end-organ damage. Prevention and treatment strategies involve lifestyle changes, medications, antioxidants, endothelial function testing, medical procedures, and pharmacotherapy. A comprehensive understanding of endothelial dysfunction is crucial for reducing the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and improving overall health.