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Abstract

The extraction of hydrocarbons, including oil, natural gas, and unconventional sources like shale gas and oil sands, has significant environmental consequences. This paper examines the key environmental impacts associated with hydrocarbon extraction, focusing on issues such as land degradation, water contamination, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. Methods such as hydraulic fracturing and deepwater drilling, while economically beneficial, present risks to ecosystems and public health. The disruption of natural habitats, increased carbon footprint, and potential for oil spills highlight the environmental trade-offs of fossil fuel reliance. This analysis also explores regulatory efforts and technological innovations aimed at mitigating these impacts, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that supports both energy demands and environmental sustainability in the face of growing global energy needs.