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Abstract

Epithelial cells, which form the interface between the external environment and underlying tissues, play crucial roles in immune regulation and host defense. Emerging research has identified epithelial cell-targeting as a promising strategy for immune modulation, with implications for treating a wide range of immune-related diseases, including autoimmune disorders, chronic inflammation, and cancer. This article reviews the mechanisms by which epithelial cells interact with the immune system, the therapeutic strategies that harness this interaction, and the future directions in this area of research. Key areas of focus include the role of epithelial cells in modulating immune responses through cytokine secretion, antigen presentation, and epithelial immune signaling pathways. We also examine novel therapeutic approaches, including targeted drug delivery, gene editing, and immunomodulatory therapies aimed at epithelial cells. Finally, challenges and opportunities for clinical translation are discussed, with a focus on precision medicine, personalized therapies, and the development of new tools to better target epithelial cells in therapeutic settings.