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Abstract

Cellular signaling pathways are essential in regulating various biological functions and maintaining homeostasis in the body. These signaling cascades involve a series of molecular events, often initiated by receptor activation, leading to cellular responses such as growth, differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of these pathways is associated with a wide range of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions. This review explores the biological functions of key signaling pathways, including the MAPK, PI3KAKT, Wnt, and Notch pathways, and their roles in both health and disease. We highlight their involvement in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, immune responses, and tissue repair. Furthermore, we examine how mutations and aberrant activation of these pathways contribute to pathogenesis and how targeting these pathways could provide therapeutic opportunities for various diseases. Understanding the intricate network of cellular signaling is crucial for the development of novel disease treatments and precision medicine approaches.