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Abstract

Mucosal surfaces play a critical role in protecting and maintaining the integrity of various tissues and organs in the body. These surfaces line the respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and ocular tracts, forming a barrier between the external environment and the internal compartments of the body. The mucosal epithelium, supported by an underlying layer of connective tissue, is equipped with specialized cells and immune components that actively participate in host defense and immune regulation. Mucosal surfaces possess unique structural features, including mucus-producing goblet cells, microvilli, and tight junctions, which contribute to their selective permeability and ability to interact with the external world. The mucosal immune system comprises a complex network of cells and molecules that orchestrate immune responses while maintaining tolerance to harmless antigens, such as commensal microorganisms and dietary antigens. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, such as the tonsils, adenoids, Peyer’s patches, and isolated lymphoid follicles, serve as sites for immune cell activation, antigen sampling, and immune memory generation. Immunoglobulin A (IgA), the predominant antibody isotype found in mucosal secretions, plays a crucial role in neutralizing pathogens and preventing their adherence to mucosal surfaces. Mucosal surfaces face numerous challenges, including constant exposure to potentially harmful microorganisms and environmental factors, as well as the delicate balance between mounting effective immune responses and preventing excessive inflammation. Dysregulation of mucosal immunity can lead to chronic inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, and increased susceptibility to infections. Understanding the intricate mechanisms underlying mucosal surfaces’ structure, function, and immune responses is of great importance for developing strategies to prevent and treat mucosal diseases, design effective vaccines, and promote overall health. Advances in mucosal immunology and mucosal vaccine delivery systems hold promise for enhancing protective immune responses and improving therapeutic interventions targeting mucosal surfaces.