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Abstract

Plant secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced by plants that do not directly participate in primary metabolic processes but play essential roles in defending plants against environmental stress. These compounds, including alkaloids, phenolics, terpenoids, and glycosides, are involved in various mechanisms that help plants mitigate oxidative stress, pathogen attack, herbivory, and other adverse environmental conditions. This article explores the role of secondary metabolites in stress responses of plants, emphasizing their biochemical pathways, environmental triggers, and regulatory networks. Furthermore, it discusses the significance of secondary metabolites in plant adaptation, their impact on agricultural productivity, and the potential applications of plant-derived compounds in medicine and biotechnology. The article also highlights challenges in studying secondary metabolites and potential future directions in this field of research.