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Abstract

Forensic odontology, also known as forensic dentistry, is a specialized branch of forensic science that utilizes dental evidence for human identification, legal investigations, and the resolution of criminal cases. This field plays a critical role in the identification of victims in mass disasters, accidents, or criminal activities, particularly when bodies are decomposed, burned, or mutilated beyond recognition. Dental structures, due to their durability, often remain intact in conditions that destroy other biological tissues, making them a valuable resource for forensic investigators. The primary applications of forensic odontology include identification through dental records, bite mark analysis, age estimation, and postmortem dental profiling. By comparing ante-mortem dental records, radiographs, and photographs with post-mortem dental findings, forensic odontologists can establish identities with a high degree of certainty. Bite mark analysis is another significant area, where impressions left on victims or objects can be compared with the dental profiles of suspects. Although bite mark evidence has been met with controversy due to issues of reliability and standardization, it remains a tool in forensic investigations when carefully applied. Age estimation is also crucial, particularly in cases involving unidentified remains, missing persons, or living individuals without proper documentation. Forensic odontologists utilize developmental dental features, such as tooth eruption and wear patterns, to estimate the age of individuals. The incorporation of advanced technologies, such as digital imaging, 3D reconstruction, and DNA analysis from dental tissues, has further refined the accuracy of forensic dental investigations.

This abstract delves into the methodologies, challenges, and advancements within forensic odontology. While it has been a valuable tool in medico-legal investigations, ongoing research is addressing its limitations, aiming to improve the reliability and precision of its applications. The ethical implications, potential for error, and the need for continued refinement of techniques remain topics of critical discourse in this field.