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Abstract

The hydrosphere, encompassing Earth's water systems—including oceans, rivers, lakes, and atmospheric moisture—plays a crucial role in regulating global climate and weather patterns. This article examines the dynamics of the hydrosphere with a focus on the interplay between ocean currents and atmospheric moisture. Ocean currents, driven by wind patterns, Earth's rotation, and water density differences, significantly influence climate by redistributing heat across the globe. These currents impact atmospheric moisture levels through mechanisms like evaporation and condensation, which in turn affect weather systems and precipitation patterns. This review explores the key processes driving ocean currents and atmospheric moisture, their interactions, and their implications for climate variability and change. Understanding these dynamics is essential for predicting climate trends, managing water resources, and addressing the impacts of climate change on global weather patterns.