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Abstract

Solid organ transplantation has become a life-saving therapy for patients with end-stage organ failure. However, the long-term success of transplantation relies heavily on effective immunosuppression to prevent rejection. Traditional monitoring methods, such as biopsies and serum creatinine levels, have limitations in sensitivity and specificity. This article explores the latest developments in immunological monitoring post-transplantation, focusing on novel biomarkers, molecular diagnostics, and immune cell profiling techniques. These advancements offer the potential for earlier detection of rejection, personalized immunosuppression, and improved long-term graft survival.