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Abstract

The assessment of chemical toxicity is critical for ensuring public health and environmental safety. Traditional in vivo studies are often time-consuming, costly, and raise ethical concerns regarding animal welfare. In vitro models have emerged as valuable tools for evaluating chemical toxicity, offering a more efficient and ethical alternative. This article reviews various in vitro systems, including cell lines, organ-on-a-chip technologies, and 3D culture models, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and applications in toxicology. Understanding these models is essential for advancing chemical safety assessments and regulatory decision-making.